Skip to main content

Closed-loop separation control over a sharp edge ramp using genetic programming

Experiments in Fluids volume 57, Article number: 40 (2016) Cite this article

Abstract

We experimentally perform open and closed-loop control of a separating turbulent boundary layer downstream from a sharp edge ramp. The turbulent boundary layer just above the separation point has a Reynolds number \(Re_{\theta }\approx 3500\) based on momentum thickness. The goal of the control is to mitigate separation and early re-attachment. The forcing employs a spanwise array of active vortex generators. The flow state is monitored with skin-friction sensors downstream of the actuators. The feedback control law is obtained using model-free genetic programming control (GPC) (Gautier et al. in J Fluid Mech 770:442–457, 2015). The resulting flow is assessed using the momentum coefficient, pressure distribution and skin friction over the ramp and stereo PIV. The PIV yields vector field statistics, e.g. shear layer growth, the back-flow area and vortex region. GPC is benchmarked against the best periodic forcing. While open-loop control achieves separation reduction by locking-on the shedding mode, GPC gives rise to similar benefits by accelerating the shear layer growth. Moreover, GPC uses less actuation energy.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

USD 39.95

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22
Fig. 23
Fig. 24

References

  • Amitay M, Glezer A (2002) Role of actuation frequency in controlled flow reattachment over a stalled airfoil. AIAA J 40(2):209–216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benard N, Moreau E, Griffin J, Cattafesta LN III (2010) Slope seeking for autonomous lift improvement by plasma surface discharge. Exp Fluids 48(5):791–808

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benedict LH, Gould RD (1996) Towards better uncertainty estimates for turbulence statistics. Exp Fluids 22(2):129–136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Browand FK, Troutt TR (1985) The turbulent mixing layer: geometry of large vortices. J Fluid Mech 158:489–509

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brunton SL, Noack BR (2015) Closed-loop turbulence control: progress and challenges. Appl Mech Rev 67(5):050,801:01–050,801:48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castro IP, Haque A (1987) The structure of a turbulent shear layer bounding a separation region. J Fluid Mech 179:439–468

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cherry NJ, Hillier R, Latour MEMP (1984) Unsteady measurements in a separated and reattaching flow. J Fluid Mech 144:13–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cordier L, Noack BR, Tissot G, Lehnasch G, Delville J, Balajewicz M, Daviller G, Niven RK (2013) Identification strategy for model-based control. Exp Fluids 54:1580

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cuvier C, Braud C, Foucault JM, Stanislas M (2011) Flow control over a ramp using active vortex generators. In: Seventh International Symposium on Turbulence and Shear Flow Phenomena, Ottawa, Canada

  • Dandois J, Garnier E, Sagaut P (2007) Numerical simulation of active separation control by a synthetic jet. J Fluid Mech 574(1):25–58

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Debien A, Aubrun S, Mazellier N, Kourta A (2014) Salient and smooth edge ramps inducing turbulent boundary layer separation: flow characterization for control perspective. C R Mécanique 342(6–7):356–362

  • Debien A, Aubrun S, Mazellier N, Kourta A (2015) Active separation control process over a sharp edge ramp. In: Ninth International Symposium on Turbulence and Shear Flow Phenomena, Melbourne, Australia

  • Duriez T, Parezanović V, Laurentie JC, Fourment C, Delville J, Bonnet JP, Cordier L, Noack BR, Segond M, Abel MW, Gautier N, Aider JL, Raibaudo C, Cuvier C, Stanislas M, Brunton S (2014) Closed-loop control of experimental shear layers using machine learning (Invited). In: 7th AIAA Flow Control Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, pp 1–16

  • Gautier N, Aider JL (2013) Control of the separated flow downstream of a backward-facing step using visual feedback. Proc R Soc A 469(2160):20130,404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gautier N, Aider JL, Duriez T, Noack BR, Segond M, Abel M (2015) Closed-loop separation control using machine learning. J Fluid Mech 770:442–457

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerhard J, Pastoor M, King R, Noack BR, Dillmann A, Morzyński M, Tadmor G (2003) Model-based control of vortex shedding using low-dimensional Galerkin models. In: 33rd AIAA Fluids Conference and Exhibit, Orlando, Florida, USA, paper 2003-4262

  • Godard G, Stanislas M (2006a) Control of a decelerating boundary layer. Part 1: optimization of passive vortex generators. Aerosp Sci Technol 10(3):181–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Godard G, Stanislas M (2006b) Control of a decelerating boundary layer. Part 3: optimization of round jets vortex generators. Aerosp Sci Technol 10(6):455–464

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenblatt D, Wygnanski IJ (2000) The control of flow separation by periodic excitation. Prog Aerosp Sci 36(7):487–545

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hasan MAZ (1992) The flow over a backward-facing step under controlled perturbation: laminar separation. J Fluid Mech 238:73–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jovic S (1996) An experimental study of a separated/reattached flow behind a backward-facing step. \(Re_h = 37{,}000\). NASA Tech Memo 110384

  • Kaiser E, Noack BR, Cordier L, Spohn A, Segond M, Abel MW, Daviller G, Östh J, Krajnović S, Niven RK (2014) Cluster-based reduced-order modelling of a mixing layer. J Fluid Mech 754:365–414

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • King R (ed) (2007) Active flow control I, no. 95 in notes on numerical fluid mechanics and interdisciplinary design. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • King R (ed) (2010) Active flow control II, no. 108 in notes on numerical fluid mechanics and interdisciplinary design. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Koza JR (1992) Genetic programming: on the programming of computers by means of natural selection. The MIT Press, Boston

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Koza JR, Bennett FH III, Stiffelman O (1999) Genetic programming as a Darwinian invention machine, vol 1598., Lecture notes in computer scienceSpringer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin JC (2002) Review of research on low-profile vortex generators to control boundary-layer separation. Prog Aerosp Sci 38(4):389–420

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mabey DG (1972) Analysis and correlation of data on pressure fluctuations in separated flow. J Aircraft 9(9):642–645

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mittal R, Kotapati R, Cattafesta III L (2005) Numerical study of resonant interactions and flow control in a canonical separated flow. In: AIAA 43rd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, USA

  • Murphy KP (2012) Machine learning: a probabilistic perspective. MIT Press, Cambridge

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Parezanovic V, Laurentie JC, Fourment C, Delville J, Bonnet JP, Spohn A, Duriez T, Cordier L, Noack BR, Abel M, Segond M, Shaqarin T, Brunton S (2015) Mixing layer manipulation experiment—from open-loop forcing to closed-loop machine learning control. Flow Turbul Combust 94:155–173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pastoor M, Henning L, Noack BR, King R, Tadmor G (2008) Feedback shear layer control for bluff body drag reduction. J Fluid Mech 608:161–196

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Petz C, Kasten J, Prohaska S, Hege HC (2009) Hierarchical vortex regions in swirling flow. Comput Graph Forum 28(3):863–870

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rowley CW, Williams DR (2006) Dynamics and control of high-Reynolds number flows over open cavities. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 38:251–276

    MathSciNet  Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Seifert A, Pack LG (2003) Effects of sweep on active separation control at high Reynolds numbers. J Aircraft 40(1):120–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaqarin T, Braud C, Coudert S, Stanislas M (2011) Open and closed-loop experiments to reattach a thick turbulent boundary layer. In: Seventh International Symposium on Turbulence and Shear Flow Phenomena, Ottawa, Canada

  • Shaqarin T, Braud C, Coudert S, Stanislas M (2013) Open and closed-loop experiments to identify the separated flow dynamics of a thick turbulent boundary layer. Exp Fluids 54(2):1–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song S, DeGraaff DB, Eaton JK (2000) Experimental study of a separating, reattaching, and redeveloping flow over a smoothly contoured ramp. Int J Heat Fluid Flow 21(5):512–519

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tennekes H, Lumley J (1972) A first course in turbulence. MIT Press, Cambridge

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Zaman KBMQ, Hussain AKMF (1981) Turbulence suppression in free shear flows by controlled excitation. J Fluid Mech 103:133–159

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by French National Research Agency (ANR) via the SepaCoDe Project (ANR-11-BS09-018) and the TUCOROM Chair of Excellence (ANR-10-CEXC-0015).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Université d’Orléans, INSA-CVL, PRISME EA 4229, 8 rue Léonard de Vinci, F-45072, Orléans, France

    Antoine Debien, Nicolas Mazellier & Azeddine Kourta

  2. Institute PPRIME, CNRS - Université de Poitiers - ENSMA, UPR 3346, Département Fluides, Thermique, Combustion, CEAT, 43 rue de l’Aérodrome, F-86036, Poitiers Cedex, France

    Kai A. F. F. von Krbek & Laurent Cordier

  3. CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Thomas Duriez

  4. LIMSI, CNRS, Campus Universitaire d′Orsay, Bât 508, Rue John von Neumann, F-91405, Orsay Cedex, France

    Bernd R. Noack

  5. Institut für Strömungsmechanik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hermann-Blenk-Straße 37, D-38108, Braunschweig, Germany

    Bernd R. Noack

  6. Ambrosys GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Straße, D-14473, Potsdam, Germany

    Markus W. Abel

Authors
  1. Antoine Debien
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kai A. F. F. von Krbek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Nicolas Mazellier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Thomas Duriez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Laurent Cordier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Bernd R. Noack
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Markus W. Abel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Azeddine Kourta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Antoine Debien.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Debien, A., von Krbek, K.A.F.F., Mazellier, N. et al. Closed-loop separation control over a sharp edge ramp using genetic programming. Exp Fluids 57, 40 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-016-2126-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-016-2126-8

Keywords

  • Feedback flow control
  • Turbulent boundary layer
  • Active vortex generators
  • Machine learning control
  • Genetic programming