Abstract
A non-buoyant laminar diffusion flame has been studied using laser-induced incandescence (LII) and light extinction measurements. The present flame is established within a laminar boundary layer, producing a complex three-dimensional flow field. This produces a three-dimensional soot concentration field. LII can provide spatially resolved three-dimensional concentration measurements of the soot field, nevertheless it requires calibration. Calibration needs to be conducted under identical conditions to the actual measurements, given the complex interaction between the flow field and soot production. This study reports a calibration procedure that allows the determination of a calibration constant correlating LII signal to soot volume fraction. The potential sources of error are identified and quantified.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Brahmi L, Vietoris T, Rouvreau S, Joulain P, David L, Torero J (2005) Microgravity laminar diffusion flame in a perpendicular fuel and oxidizer stream configuration. AIAA J 43(8):1725–1733
Dalzell W, Sarofim A (1969) Optical constants of soot and their application to heat-flux calculations. J Heat Transf 91:100–104
Dobbins R, Megaridis C (1987) Morphology of flame-generated soot as determined by thermophoretic sampling. Langmuir 3:254–259
Fernandez-Pello A, Walther D, Cordova J, Steinhaus T, Quintiere J, Torero J, Ross H (2000) Test method for ranking material flammability in reduced gravity. Space Forum 6:237–244
Fuentes A, Legros G, Claverie A, Joulain P, Vantelon JP, Torero J (2007) Interactions between soot and CH* in laminar boundary layer type diffusion flame in microgravity. Proc Combust Inst 31:2685–2692
Habib Z, Vervisch P (1988) On the refractive index of soot at flame temperature. Combust Sci Tech 59:261–274
Kennedy I (1997) Models of soot formation and oxidation. Prog Energy Combust Sci 23:95–199
Konsur B, Megaridis C, Griffin D (1999a) Fuel preheat effects on soot-field structure in laminar gas jet diffusion flames burning in 0-g and 1-g. Combust Flame 116:334–347
Konsur B, Megaridis C, Griffin D (1999b) Soot aerosol properties in laminar soot-emitting microgravity nonpremixed flames. Combust Flame 118:509–520
Lee S, Tien C (1981) Optical constants of soot in hydrocarbon flames. Proc Combust Inst 18:1159–1166
Legros G, Fuentes A, Ben-Abdallah P, Baillargeat J, Joulain P, Vantelon JP, Torero JL (2005) Three-dimensional recomposition of the absorption field inside a nonbuoyant sooting flame. Opt Lett 30:3311–3313
Legros G, Joulain P, Vantelon JP, Fuentes A, Torero J (2006) Soot volume fraction measurements in a three-dimensional laminar diffusion flame established in microgravity. Combust Sci Tech 178:813–835
Lin K, Faeth G (1999) Shapes of nonbuoyant round luminous laminar-jet diffusion flames in coflowing air. AIAA J 37(6):759–765
Lin K, Faeth G, Sunderland P, Urban D, Yuan Z (1999) Shapes of nonbuoyant round luminous hydrocarbon/air laminar jet diffusion flames. Combust Flame 116:415–431
Markstein G, DeRis J (1984) Radiant emission and absorption by laminar ethylene and propylene diffusion flames. Proc Combust Inst 20:1637–1646
Megaridis C, Konsur B, Griffin D (1996) Soot-field structure in laminar soot-emitting microgravity nonpremixed flames. Proc Combust Inst 26:1291–1299
Melton L (1984) Soot diagnostics based on laser heating. Appl Opt 23:2201–2208
Mountain R, Mullholland G (1988) Light scattering from simulated smoke agglomerates. Langmuir 4:1321–1326
Olson S, T’ien J (2000) Buoyant low-stretch diffusion flames beneath cylindrical pmma samples. Combust Flame 121:439–452
Pastor J, Gracía J, Pastor J, Buitrago J (2006) Analysis of calibration tecniques for laser-induced incandescence measurements in flames. Meas Sci Technol 17:3279–3288
Rouvreau S, Cordeiro P, Torero J, Joulain P (2002) Numerical evaluation of boundary-layer assumptions used for the prediction of the standoff distance of a laminar diffusion flame. Proc Combust Inst 29:2527–2534
Santoro RJ, Shaddix CR (2002) Laser-induced incandescence. In: Kohse-Höinghaus K, Jeffries JB (eds) Applied combustion diagnostics, chap 9. Taylor & Francis, New York, pp 252–286
Shaddix C, Smyth K (1996) Laser-induced incandescence measurements of soot production in steady and flickering methane, propane, and ethylene diffusion flames. Combust Flame 107:418–452
Snelling D, Smallwood G, Liu F, Gülder Ö, Bachalo W (2005) A calibration-independent laser-induced incandescence technique for soot measurement by detecting absolute light intensity. Appl Opt 44–31:6773–6785
Torero J, Vietoris T, Legros G, Joulain P (2002) Estimation of a total mass transfer number from the standoff distance of a spreading flame. Combust Sci Tech 174:187–203
Urban D, Yuan Z, Sunderland P, Lin KC, Dai Z, Faeth G (2000) Smoke-point properties of non-buoyant round laminar jet diffusion flames. Proc Combust Inst 28:1965–1972
Vander Wal R (1996) Soot precursor material: spatial location via simultaneous LIF-LII imaging and characterization via TEM. Tech. Rep. 198469, NASA
Vander Wal R (1997) Laser-induced incandescence measurements in low-gravity. Micrograv Sci Technol 10:66
Vander Wal R, Jensen K, Choi M (1997) Simultaneous laser-induced emission of soot and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons within a gas-jet diffusion flame. Combust Flame 109:399–414
Vietoris T, Ellzey J, Joulain P, Metha S, Torero J (2000) Laminar diffusion flame in microgravity: the results of the minitexus 6 sounding rocket experiment. Proc Combust Inst 28:2883–2889
Xu F, Dai Z, Faeth G (2002) Flame and soot boundaries of laminar jet diffusion flames. AIAA J 40(12):2439–2446
Acknowledgments
This work was funded by CNES and ESA. Parabolic flight campaigns took place on board the Novespace A300-ZeroG.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fuentes, A., Legros, G., El-Rabii, H. et al. Laser-induced incandescence calibration in a three-dimensional laminar diffusion flame. Exp Fluids 43, 939–948 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-007-0364-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-007-0364-5