Abstract
As enterocystoplasty has become a routine procedure in pediatric urology, long-term complications are emerging in adult patients. Pediatric urologists in general do not follow their patients beyond late adolescence. The sequelae of enterocystoplasty have fallen into the hands of their adult colleagues. Some of the complications of enterocystoplasty, such as reservoir stones, malignancy and perforation, are also seen in older adults following continent diversion. On the other hand, problems with bone growth, pregnancy and reflux nephropathy are unique to children and young adults. A better awareness and understanding of these complications will lead to improved prevention, surveillance and treatment.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Austen M, Kalble T (2004) Secondary malignancies in different forms of urinary diversion using isolated gut. J Urol 172:831–838
Husmann DA, Rathbun SR (2008) Long-term follow up of enteric bladder augmentations: the risk for malignancy. J Pediatr Urol 4:381–385
Husmann DA, Spence HM (1990) Current status of tumor of the bowel following ureterosigmoidostomy: a review. J Urol 144:607–611
Soergel TM, Cain MP, Misseri R, Gardner TA, Koch MO, Rink RC (2004) Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder following augmentation cystoplasty for the neuropathic bladder. J Urol 172:1649–1651 (discussion 1651–1652)
Castellan M, Gosalbez R, Perez-Brayfield M, Healey P, McDonald R, Labbie A et al (2007) Tumor in bladder reservoir after gastrocystoplasty. J Urol 178:1771–1774 (discussion 1774)
Hautmann RE, Abol-Enein H, Hafez K, Haro I, Mansson W, Mills RD et al (2007) Urinary diversion. Urology 69:17–49
Cohen RA, Rushton HG, Belman AB, Kass EJ, Majd MShaer C (1990) Renal scarring and vesicoureteral reflux in children with myelodysplasia. J Urol 144:541–544 (discussion 545)
DeLair SM, Eandi J, White MJ, Nguyen T, Stone AR, Kurzrock EA (2007) Renal cortical deterioration in children with spinal dysraphism: analysis of risk factors. J Spinal Cord Med 30(Suppl 1):S30–S34
Kurzrock EA, Polse S (1998) Renal deterioration in myelodysplastic children: urodynamic evaluation and clinical correlates. J Urol 159:1657–1661
Teichman JM, Scherz HC, Kim KD, Cho DH, Packer MG, Kaplan GW (1994) An alternative approach to myelodysplasia management: aggressive observation and prompt intervention. J Urol 152:807–811
Edelstein RA, Bauer SB, Kelly MD, Darbey MM, Peters CA, Atala A et al (1995) The long-term urological response of neonates with myelodysplasia treated proactively with intermittent catheterization and anticholinergic therapy. J Urol 154:1500–1504
Hernandez RD, Hurwitz RS, Foote JE, Zimmern PE, Leach GE (1994) Nonsurgical management of threatened upper urinary tracts and incontinence in children with myelomeningocele. J Urol 152:1582–1585
Kass EJ, Koff SA, Diokno AC (1981) Fate of vesicoureteral reflux in children with neuropathic bladders managed by intermittent catheterization. J Urol 125:63–64
Wu HY, Baskin LS, Kogan BA (1997) Neurogenic bladder dysfunction due to myelomeningocele: neonatal versus childhood treatment. J Urol 157:2295–2297
Simforoosh N, Tabibi A, Basiri A, Noorbala MH, Danesh AD, Ijadi A (2002) Is ureteral reimplantation necessary during augmentation cystoplasty in patients with neurogenic bladder and vesicoureteral reflux? J Urol 168:1439–1441
Hayashi Y, Kato Y, Okazaki T, Lane GJ, Kobayashi H, Yamataka A (2007) The effectiveness of ureteric reimplantation during bladder augmentation for high-grade vesicoureteric reflux in patients with neurogenic bladder: long-term outcome. J Pediatr Surg 42:1998–2001
Perez-Brayfield M, Kirsch AJ, Hensle TW, Koyle MA, Furness P, Scherz HC (2004) Endoscopic treatment with dextranomer/hyaluronic acid for complex cases of vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 172:1614–1616
Bauer SB, Hendren WH, Kozakewich H, Maloney S, Colodny AH, Mandell J et al (1992) Perforation of the augmented bladder. J Urol 148:699–703
DeFoor W, Tackett L, Minevich E, Wacksman J, Sheldon C (2003) Risk factors for spontaneous bladder perforation after augmentation cystoplasty. Urology 62:737–741
Fontaine E, Leaver R, Woodhouse CR (2003) Diagnosis of perforated enterocystoplasty. J R Soc Med 96:393–394
Metcalfe PD, Casale AJ, Kaefer MA, Misseri R, Dussinger AM, Meldrum KK et al (2006) Spontaneous bladder perforations: a report of 500 augmentations in children and analysis of risk. J Urol 175:1466–1470 (discussion 1470–1471)
Shekarriz B, Upadhyay J, Demirbilek S, Barthold JS, Gonzalez R (2000) Surgical complications of bladder augmentation: comparison between various enterocystoplasties in 133 patients. Urology 55:123–128
DeFoor W, Minevich E, Reddy P, Sekhon D, Polsky E, Wacksman J et al (2004) Bladder calculi after augmentation cystoplasty: risk factors and prevention strategies. J Urol 172:1964–1966
Hensle TW, Bingham J, Lam J, Shabsigh A (2004) Preventing reservoir calculi after augmentation cystoplasty and continent urinary diversion: the influence of an irrigation protocol. BJU Int 93:585–587
Kaefer M, Hendren WH, Bauer SB, Goldenblatt P, Peters CA, Atala A et al (1998) Reservoir calculi: a comparison of reservoirs constructed from stomach and other enteric segments. J Urol 160:2187–2190
Nurse DE, McInerney PD, Thomas PJ, Mundy AR (1996) Stones in enterocystoplasties. Br J Urol 77:684–687
Palmer LS, Franco I, Kogan SJ, Reda E, Gill B, Levitt SB (1993) Urolithiasis in children following augmentation cystoplasty. J Urol 150:726–729
Parks JH, Worcester EM, O’Connor RC, Coe FL (2003) Urine stone risk factors in nephrolithiasis patients with and without bowel disease. Kidney Int 63:255–265
Osther PJ, Poulsen AL, Steven K (2000) Stone risk after bladder substitution with the ileal-urethral Kock reservoir. Scand J Urol Nephrol 34:257–261
Hamid R, Robertson WG, Woodhouse CR (2008) Comparison of biochemistry and diet in patients with enterocystoplasty who do and do not form stones. BJU Int 101:1427–1432
Kurzrock EA, Baskin LS, Kogan BA (1998) Gastrocystoplasty: is there a consensus? World J Urol 16:242–250
Metcalfe PD, Cain MP, Kaefer M, Gilley DA, Meldrum KK, Misseri R et al (2006) What is the need for additional bladder surgery after bladder augmentation in childhood? J Urol 176:1801–1805 (discussion 1805)
Zhang H, Yamataka A, Koga H, Kobayashi H, Lane GJ, Miyano T (2005) Bladder stone formation after sigmoidocolocystoplasty: statistical analysis of risk factors. J Pediatr Surg 40:407–411
McDougal WS (1992) Metabolic complications of urinary intestinal diversion. J Urol 147:1199–1208
Nguyen M, Kurzrock EA (2004) In: Kreder KJ, Stone AR (eds) Urinary diversion. Taylor and Francis, Milton Park, pp 109–114
Mundy AR, Nurse DE (1992) Calcium balance, growth and skeletal mineralisation in patients with cystoplasties. Br J Urol 69:257–259
Wagstaff KE, Woodhouse CR, Duffy PG, Ransley PG (1992) Delayed linear growth in children with enterocystoplasties. Br J Urol 69:314–317
Hafez AT, Elsherbiny MT, Dawaba MS, Abol-Enein H, Ghoneim MA (2001) Long-term outcome analysis of low pressure rectal reservoirs in 33 children with bladder exstrophy. J Urol 165:2414–2417
Koch MO, McDougal WS (1988) Bone demineralization following ureterosigmoid anastomosis: an experimental study in rats. J Urol 140:856–859
Mingin GC, Nguyen HT, Mathias RS, Shepherd JA, Glidden D, Baskin LS (2002) Growth and metabolic consequences of bladder augmentation in children with myelomeningocele and bladder exstrophy. Pediatrics 110:1193–1198
Gerharz EW, Preece M, Duffy PG, Ransley PG, Leaver R, Woodhouse CR (2003) Enterocystoplasty in childhood: a second look at the effect on growth. BJU Int 91:79–83
Woodhouse CR (2001) Prospects for fertility in patients born with genitourinary anomalies. J Urol 165:2354–2360
Rietberg CC, Lindhout D (1993) Adult patients with spina bifida cystica: genetic counselling, pregnancy and delivery. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 52:63–70
Hill DE, Kramer SA (1990) Management of pregnancy after augmentation cystoplasty. J Urol 144:457–459 (discussion 460)
Creagh TA, McInerney PD, Thomas PJ, Mundy AR (1995) Pregnancy after lower urinary tract reconstruction in women. J Urol 154:1323–1324
Kennedy WA 2nd, Hensle TW, Reiley EA, Fox HE, Haus T (1993) Pregnancy after orthotopic continent urinary diversion. Surg Gynecol Obstet 177:405–409
Schumacher S, Fichtner J, Stein R, Wiedemann A, Hohenfellner R (1997) Pregnancy after Mainz pouch urinary diversion. J Urol 158:1362–1364
Conflict of interest statement
There is no conflict of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kurzrock, E.A. Pediatric enterocystoplasty: long-term complications and controversies. World J Urol 27, 69–73 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-008-0335-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-008-0335-3