Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-receptor-signaling in renal cell carcinoma

  • Review
  • Published:
World Journal of Urology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is resistant to conventional chemotherapy. Combined data for a variety of immunotherapies resulted in an overall chance of partial (PR) or complete remission (CR) of only 12.9%. There is a clear need for novel, more effective therapies to prevent relapse, control metastases and improve overall survival. Improved understanding of RCC disease biology has led to the introduction of molecularly targeted treatment strategies in these cancers. Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene inactivation is observed in most clear cell renal carcinoma, resulting in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) over-expression and driving the malignant phenotype. This review discusses the efficacy of novel therapies targeting the VEGF receptor (VEGFR) (e.g. anti-VEGF antibodies, VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors), some of which were recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration/European Medicines Evaluation Agency (FDA/EMEA) and represent the new treatment standards in RCC patients.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Coppin C, Porzsolt F, Kumpf J, Coldman A, Wilt T (2004) Immunotherapy for advanced renal cell cancer. Cochrane database of systematic reviews issue 3. Art. no.: CD001425. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001425.pub2

  2. Lam JS, Leppert JT, Belldegrun AS, Figlin RA (2005) Novel approaches in the therapy of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. World J Urol 23:202–212

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Cohen HT, McGovern FJ (2005) Renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 353:2477–2490

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Latif F, Tory K, Gnarra J, Yao M, Duh FM, Orcutt ML, Stackhouse T, Kuzmin I, Modi W, Geil L et al. (1993) Identification of the von Hippel-Lindau disease tumor suppressor gene. Science 260:1317–1320

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. van Houwelingen KP, van Dijk BA, Hulsbergen-van de Kaa CA, Schouten LJ, Gorissen HJ, Schalken JA, van den Brandt PA, Oosterwijk E (2005) Prevalence of von Hippel-Lindau gene mutations in sporadic renal cell carcinoma: results from The Netherlands cohort study. BMC Cancer 5:57

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Gallou C, Joly D, Mejean A, Staroz F, Martin N, Tarlet G, Orfanelli MT, Bouvier R, Droz D, Chretien Y, Marechal JM, Richard S, Junien C, Beroud C (1999) Mutations of the VHL gene in sporadic renal cell carcinoma: definition of a risk factor for VHL patients to develop an RCC. Hum Mutat 13:464–475

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Kondo K, Yao M, Yoshida M, Kishida T, Shuin T, Miura T, Moriyama M, Kobayashi K, Sakai N, Kaneko S, Kawakami S, Baba M, Nakaigawa N, Nagashima Y, Nakatani Y, Hosaka M (2002) Comprehensive mutational analysis of the VHL gene in sporadic renal cell carcinoma: relationship to clinicopathological parameters. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 34:58–68

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Ma X, Yang K, Lindblad P, Egevad L, Hemminki K (2001) VHL gene alterations in renal cell carcinoma patients: novel hotspot or founder mutations and linkage disequilibrium. Oncogene 20:5393–5400

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Brauch H, Weirich G, Brieger J, Glavac D, Rodl H, Eichinger M, Feurer M, Weidt E, Puranakanitstha C, Neuhaus C, Pomer S, Brenner W, Schirmacher P, Storkel S, Rotter M, Masera A, Gugeler N, Decker HJ (2000) VHL alterations in human clear cell renal cell carcinoma: association with advanced tumor stage and a novel hot spot mutation. Cancer Res 60:1942–1948

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Haase VH (2006) The VHL/HIF oxygen-sensing pathway and its relevance to kidney disease. Kidney Int 69:1302–1307

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Ivan M, Kondo K, Yang H, Kim W, Valiando J, Ohh M, Salic A, Asara JM, Lane WS, Kaelin WG Jr (2001) HIFalpha targeted for VHL-mediated destruction by proline hydroxylation: implications for O2 sensing. Science 292:464–468

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Jaakkola P, Mole DR, Tian YM, Wilson MI, Gielbert J, Gaskell SJ, Kriegsheim Av, Hebestreit HF, Mukherji M, Schofield CJ, Maxwell PH, Pugh CW, Ratcliffe PJ (2001) Targeting of HIF-alpha to the von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitylation complex by O2-regulated prolyl hydroxylation. Science 292:468–472

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Leung DW, Cachianes G, Kuang WJ, Goeddel DV, Ferrara N (1989) Vascular endothelial growth factor is a secreted angiogenic mitogen. Science 246:1306–1309

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Ferrara N, Henzel WJ (1989) Pituitary follicular cells secrete a novel heparin-binding growth factor specific for vascular endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1161:851–858

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Hicklin DJ, Ellis LM (2005) Role of the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway in tumor growth and angiogenesis. J Clin Oncol 23:1011–1027

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Ferrara N (2004) Vascular endothelial growth factor: basic science and clinical progress. Endocr Rev 25:581–611

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Ferrara N (2005) VEGF as a therapeutic target in cancer. Oncology 69 suppl 3:(69 suppl):11–16

    Google Scholar 

  18. Olsson AK, Dimberg A, Kreuger J, Claesson-Welsh L (2006) VEGF receptor signalling—in control of vascular function. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 7:359–371

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Vincenti V, Cassano C, Rocchi M, Persico G (1996) Assignment of the vascular endothelial growth factor gene to human chromosome 6p21.3. Circulation 93:1493–1495

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Tischer E, Mitchell R, Hartman T, Silva M, Gospodarowicz D, Fiddes JC, Abraham JA (1991) The human gene for vascular endothelial growth factor. Multiple protein forms are encoded through alternative exon splicing. J Biol Chem 266:11947–11954

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Fuh G, Garcia KC, de Vos AM (2000) The interaction of neuropilin-1 with vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor flt-1. J Biol Chem 275:26690–26695

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Gluzman-Poltorak Z, Cohen T, Herzog Y, Neufeld G (2000) Neuropilin-2 is a receptor for the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) forms VEGF-145 and VEGF-165 [corrected]. J Biol Chem 275:18040–18045

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Jain RK, Duda DG, Clark JW, Loeffler JS (2006) Lessons from phase III clinical trials on anti-VEGF therapy for cancer. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 3:24–40

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Sun L, Liang C, Shirazian S, Zhou Y, Miller T, Cui J, Fukuda JY, Chu JY, Nematalla A, Wang X, Chen H, Sistla A, Luu TC, Tang F, Wei J, Tang C (2003) Discovery of 5-[5-fluoro-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroindol-(3Z)-ylidenemethyl]-2,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid (2-diethylaminoethyl)amide, a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting vascular endothelial and platelet-derived growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase. J Med Chem 46:1116–1119

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Mendel DB, Laird AD, Xin X, Louie SG, Christensen JG, Li G, Schreck RE, Abrams TJ, Ngai TJ, Lee LB, Murray LJ, Carver J, Chan E, Moss KG, Haznedar JO, Sukbuntherng J, Blake RA, Sun L, Tang C, Miller T, Shirazian S, McMahon G, Cherrington JM (2003) In vivo antitumor activity of SU11248, a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor receptors: determination of a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship. Clin Cancer Res 9:327–337

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Faivre S, Delbaldo C, Vera K, Robert C, Lozahic S, Lassau N, Bello C, Deprimo S, Brega N, Massimini G, Armand JP, Scigalla P, Raymond E (2006) Safety, pharmacokinetic, and antitumor activity of SU11248, a novel oral multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 24:25–35

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Motzer RJ, Michaelson MD, Redman BG, Hudes GR, Wilding G, Figlin RA, Ginsberg MS, Kim ST, Baum CM, DePrimo SE, Li JZ, Bello CL, Theuer CP, George DJ, Rini BI (2006) Activity of SU11248, a multitargeted inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and platelet-derived growth factor receptor, in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 24:16–24

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Motzer RJ, Rini BI, Bukowski RM, Curti BD, George DJ, Hudes GR, Redman BG, Margolin KA, Merchan JR, Wilding G, Ginsberg MS, Bacik J, Kim ST, Baum CM, Michaelson MD (2006) Sunitinib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. JAMA 295:2516–2524

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Motzer RJ, Hutson TE, Tomczak P, Michaelson MD, Bukowski RM, Rixe O, Oudard S, Negrier S, Szczylik C, Kim ST, Chen I, Bycott PW, Baum CM, Figlin RA (2007) Sunitinib versus Interferon Alfa in Metastatic Renal-Cell Carcinoma. N Engl J Med 356:115–124

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Wilhelm S, Chien DS (2002) BAY 43–9006: preclinical data. Curr Pharm Des 8:2255–2257

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Wilhelm SM, Carter C, Tang L, Wilkie D, McNabola A, Rong H, Chen C, Zhang X, Vincent P, McHugh M, Cao Y, Shujath J, Gawlak S, Eveleigh D, Rowley B, Liu L, Adnane L, Lynch M, Auclair D, Taylor I, Gedrich R, Voznesensky A, Riedl B, Post LE, Bollag G, Trail PA (2004) BAY 43–9006 exhibits broad spectrum oral antitumor activity and targets the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway and receptor tyrosine kinases involved in tumor progression and angiogenesis. Cancer Res 64:7099–7109

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Awada A, Hendlisz A, Gil T, Bartholomeus S, Mano M, de Valeriola D, Strumberg D, Brendel E, Haase CG, Schwartz B, Piccart M (2005) Phase I safety and pharmacokinetics of BAY 43-9006 administered for 21 days on/7 days off in patients with advanced, refractory solid tumours. Br J Cancer 92:1855–1861

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Strumberg D, Richly H, Hilger RA, Schleucher N, Korfee S, Tewes M, Faghih M, Brendel E, Voliotis D, Haase CG, Schwartz B, Awada A, Voigtmann R, Scheulen ME, Seeber S (2005) Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of the novel Raf kinase and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitor BAY 43–9006 in patients with advanced refractory solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 23:965–972

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Clark JW, Eder JP, Ryan D, Lathia C, Lenz HJ (2005) Safety and pharmacokinetics of the dual action Raf kinase and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitor, BAY 43-9006, in patients with advanced, refractory solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 11:5472–5480

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Moore M, Hirte HW, Siu L, Oza A, Hotte SJ, Petrenciuc O, Cihon F, Lathia C, Schwartz B (2005) Phase I study to determine the safety and pharmacokinetics of the novel Raf kinase and VEGFR inhibitor BAY 43-9006, administered for 28 days on/7 days off in patients with advanced, refractory solid tumors. Ann Oncol 16:1688–1694

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Strumberg D, Awada A, Hirte H, Clark JW, Seeber S, Piccart P, Hofstra E, Voliotis D, Christensen O, Brueckner A, Schwartz B (2006) Pooled safety analysis of BAY 43–9006 (sorafenib) monotherapy in patients with advanced solid tumours: Is rash associated with treatment outcome? Eur J Cancer 42(4):548–56

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Ratain MJ, Eisen T, Stadler WM, Flaherty KT, Kaye SB, Rosner GL, Gore M, Desai AA, Patnaik A, Xiong HQ, Rowinsky E, Abbruzzese JL, Xia C, Simantov R, Schwartz B, O’Dwyer PJ (2006) Phase II placebo-controlled randomized discontinuation trial of sorafenib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 24:2505–2512

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Escudier B, Eisen T, Stadler WM, Szczylik C, Oudard S, Siebels M, Negrier S, Chevreau C, Solska E, Desai AA, Rolland F, Demkow T, Hutson TE, Gore M, Freeman S, Schwartz B, Shan M, Simantov R, Bukowski RM (2007) Sorafenib in advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 356:125–134

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Escudier B, Szczylik C, Demkow T, Staehler M, Rolland F, Negrier S, Hutson TE, Scheuring UJ, Schwartz B, Bukowski RM (2006) Randomized phase II trial of the multi-kinase inhibitor sorafenib versus interferon (IFN) in treatment-naive patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). J Clin Oncol 24(suppl):abstract 4501

    Google Scholar 

  40. Rugo HS, Herbst RS, Liu G, Park JW, Kies MS, Steinfeldt HM, Pithavala YK, Reich SD, Freddo JL, Wilding G (2005) Phase I trial of the oral antiangiogenesis agent AG-013736 in patients with advanced solid tumors: pharmacokinetic and clinical results. J Clin Oncol 23:5474–5483

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Rini B, Rixe O, Bukowski R, Michaelson MD, Wilding G, Hudes G, Bolte O, Steinfeldt H, Reich SD, Motzer R (2005) AG-013736, a multi-target tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor, demonstrates anti-tumor activity in a Phase 2 study of cytokine-refractory, metastatic renal cell cancer (RCC). J Clin Oncol 23(suppl):abstract 4509

    Google Scholar 

  42. Drevs J, Hofmann I, Hugenschmidt H, Wittig C, Madjar H, Muller M, Wood J, Martiny-Baron G, Unger C, Marme D (2000) Effects of PTK787/ZK 222584, a specific inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, on primary tumor, metastasis, vessel density, and blood flow in a murine renal cell carcinoma model. Cancer Res 60:4819–4824

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. George D, Michaelson D, Oh WK, Reitsma D, Laurent D, Mietlowski W, Wang Y, Dugan M, Kaelin WG, Kantoff P (2003) Phase I study of PTK787/ZK 222584 (PTK/ZK) in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 22:abstract 1548

  44. Suttle AB, Hurwitz H, Dowlati A, Fernando N, Savage S, Coviello K, Dar M, Ertel P, Whitehead B, Pandite L (2004) Pharmacokinetics (PK) and tolerability of GW786034, a VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, after daily oral administration to patients with solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 22(suppl):abstract 3054

    Google Scholar 

  45. Hurwitz H, Dowlati A, Savage S, Fernando N, Lasalvia S, Whitehead B, Suttle B, Collins D, Ho P, Pandite L (2005) Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of oral administration of GW786034 in pts with solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 23(suppl):abstract 3012

    Google Scholar 

  46. Yang JC, Haworth L, Sherry RM, Hwu P, Schwartzentruber DJ, Topalian SL, Steinberg SM, Chen HX, Rosenberg SA (2003) A randomized trial of bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody, for metastatic renal cancer. N Engl J Med 349:427–434

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Hainsworth JD, Sosman JA, Spigel DR, Edwards DL, Baughman C, Greco A (2005) Treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma with a combination of bevacizumab and erlotinib. J Clin Oncol 23:7889–7896

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Bukowski RM, Kabbinavar F, Figlin RA, Flaherty K, Srinivas S, Vaishampayan U, Drabkin H, Dutcher J, Scappaticci F, McDermott D (2006) Bevacizumab with or without erlotinib in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). J Clin Oncol 24(suppl):abstract 4523

    Google Scholar 

  49. Hainsworth JD, Spigel DR, Thompson DS, Shipley DL, Zubkus JD, Toomey MA, Burkett E, Greco FA (2006) Bevacizumab plus erlotinib in patients (pts) with carcinoma of unknown primary site: A phase II trial of the Minnie Pearl Cancer Research Network. J Clin Oncol 24(suppl):abstract 3033

    Google Scholar 

  50. Thompson DS, Greco FA, Spigel DR, Sosman JA, Burkett E, O’Rourke TJ, Hart L, Hainsworth JD (2006) Bevacizumab, erlotinib, and imatinib in the treatment of patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma: update of a multicenter phase II trial. J Clin Oncol 24(suppl):abstract 4594

    Google Scholar 

  51. Elaraj DM, White DE, Steinberg SM, Haworth L, Rosenberg SA, Yang JC (2004) A pilot study of antiangiogenic therapy with bevacizumab and thalidomide in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Immunother 27:259–264

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Morgensztern D, McLeod HL (2005) PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway as a target for cancer therapy. Anticancer Drugs 16:797–803

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Raymond E, Alexandre J, Faivre S, Vera K, Materman E, Boni J, Leister C, Korth-Bradley J, Hanauske A, Armand JP (2004) Safety and pharmacokinetics of escalated doses of weekly intravenous infusion of CCI-779, a novel mTOR inhibitor, in patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 22:2336–2347

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Atkins MB, Hidalgo M, Stadler WM, Logan TF, Dutcher JP, Hudes GR, Park Y, Liou SH, Marshall B, Boni JP, Dukart G, Sherman ML (2004) Randomized phase II study of multiple dose levels of CCI-779, a novel mammalian target of rapamycin kinase inhibitor, in patients with advanced refractory renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 22:909–918

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Smith JW, Ko YJ, Dutcher J, Hudes G, Escudier B, Motzer R, Négrier S, Duclos B, Galand L, Strauss L (2004) Update of a phase 1 study of intravenous CCI-779 given in combination with interferon-α to patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 22(suppl):abstract 4513

    Google Scholar 

  56. Hudes G, Carducci M, Tomczak P, Dutcher J, Figlin R, Kapoor A, Staroslawska E, O’Toole T, Park Y, Moore L (2006) A phase 3, randomized, 3-arm study of temsirolimus (TEMSR) or interferon-alpha (IFN) or the combination of TEMSR + IFN in the treatment of first-line, poor-risk patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (adv RCC). J Clin Oncol 24(suppl):abstract LBA4

  57. Porter LL, Burris HA, Jones SF, Calvert S, Papadimitrakopoulou V, Hazell K, Shand N, Lebwohl D, Baselga J, Judson I (2006) Summary of results in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer (RCC) from phase I studies of RAD001 (everolimus). J Clin Oncol 24(suppl):abstract 14599

    Google Scholar 

  58. Amato RJ, Misellati A, Khan M, Chiang S (2006) A phase II trial of RAD001 in patients (Pts) with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (MRCC). J Clin Oncol. 24(Suppl):abstract 4530

  59. Mita MM, Rowinsky EK, Goldston ML, Mita AC, Chu Q, Syed S, Knowles HL, Rivera VM, Bedrosian CL, Tolcher AW (2004) Phase I, pharmacokinetic (PK), and pharmacodynamic (PD) study of AP23573, an mTOR Inhibitor, administered IV daily X 5 every other week in patients (pts) with refractory or advanced malignancies. J Clin Oncol 22(suppl):abstract 3076

    Google Scholar 

  60. Kim DW, Huamani J, Fu A, Hallahan DE (2006) Molecular strategies targeting the host component of cancer to enhance tumor response to radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 64:38–46

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Bianco C, Giovannetti E, Ciardiello F, Mey V, Nannizzi S, Tortora G, Troiani T, Paspualetti F, Eckhardt G, de Liguoro M, Ricciardi S, Tacca MD, Raben D, Cionini L, Danesi R (2006) Synergistic antitumor activity of ZD6474, an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, with gemcitabine and ionizing radiation against pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res 12:7099–7107

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Shinohara ET, Cao C, Niermann K, Mu Y, Zeng F, Hallahan DE, Lu B (2005) Enhanced radiation damage of tumor vasculature by mTOR inhibitors. Oncogene 24:5414–5422

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Crane CH, Ellis LM, Abbruzzese JL, Amos C, Xiong HQ, Ho L, Evans DB, Tamm EP, Ng C, Pisters PW, Charnsangavej C, Delclos ME, O’Reilly M, Lee JE, Wolff RA (2006) Phase I trial evaluating the safety of bevacizumab with concurrent radiotherapy and capecitabine in locally advanced pancreatic cancer. J Clin Oncol 24:1145–1151

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Hematology, Hemostaseology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany

    Christoph W. M. Reuter, Michael A. Morgan, Viktor Grünwald & Arnold Ganser

  2. Department of Urology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany

    Thomas R. W. Herrmann & Martin Burchardt

Authors
  1. Christoph W. M. Reuter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Michael A. Morgan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Viktor Grünwald
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Thomas R. W. Herrmann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Martin Burchardt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Arnold Ganser
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christoph W. M. Reuter.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Reuter, C.W.M., Morgan, M.A., Grünwald, V. et al. Targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-receptor-signaling in renal cell carcinoma. World J Urol 25, 59–72 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-007-0152-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-007-0152-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation