Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Exploratory factor analysis: strategies used by patients to promote health

  • Original Article
  • Published:
World Journal of Urology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Strategies used by patients to promote health (SUPPH) was used to measure self-care self-efficacy in patients with cancer. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the extent to which self-efficacy theory explained the factor structure of the SUPPH and (2) to determine the relationship of demographic data with factors of the SUPPH. Subjects were diagnosed with prostate cancer (PCa) and treated with either: (a) radical prostatectomy, (b) intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) + radioactive seed implantation, or (c) IMRT + high dose rate. Subjects completed a demographic questionnaire and the SUPPH. Exploratory factor analysis of the SUPPH was performed using a varimax rotation. Subjects (n = 265) were predominately white and averaged 68 years of age. The model explained 81.3% of the total sum of eigenvalues. Two factors of the SUPPH were identified: physiological efficacy information and performance efficacy information. Younger subjects who were fully employed and earning more money had significantly higher performance self-efficacy than older subjects who were working part time and earning less money. Results are congruent with Bandura’s (1997) description of self-efficacy. Use of the SUPPH may facilitate research validating Bandura’s (1997) assertion that an individual’s self-efficacy is related to quality of life (QOL) during chronic illness. Additional research focusing on self-efficacy and PCa patients’ QOL may lead to efficacy enhancing interventions that will improve QOL of patients with PCa.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Perczek RE, Burke MA, Carver CS, et al (2002) Facing a prostate cancer diagnosis: who is at risk for increased distress? Cancer 94(11):2923–2929

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Eton DT, Lepore SJ, Helgeson VS (2001) Early quality of life in patients with localized prostate carcinoma. Cancer 92(6):1451–1459

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Pirl WF, Mello J (2002) Psychological complications of prostate cancer. Oncology 16(11):1448–1467

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Vordemaark D (2003) Quality of life after treatment for prostate cancer: no difference between surgery and radiotherapy? J Clin Oncol 21(24):4655–4663

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Kurtz ME, Kurtz JC, Stommel M, Given CW, Given B (2001) Physical functioning and depression among older persons with cancer. Cancer Pract 9(1):11–18

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Rawl SM, Given BA, Given CW, Champion VL, Kozachik SL, Barton D, et al (2002) Intervention to improve psychological functioning for newly diagnosed patients with cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum 29(6):967–975

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Bandura A (1986) Social foundations of thought and action: a social cognitive theory. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs

  8. Bandura A (1997) Self-efficacy: the exercise of control. Freeman, New York

    Google Scholar 

  9. Beckham JC, Burker EJ, Lytle BL, et al (1997) Self-efficacy and adjustment in cancer patients: a preliminary report. Behav Med 23(3):138–142

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Campbell LC, Keefe FJ, McKee DC, et al (2004) Prostate cancer in African Americans: relationship of patient and partner self-efficacy to quality of life. J Pain Symptom Manage 28(5):433–444

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Lev EL (1992) Patients’ strategies for adapting to cancer treatment. West J Nurs Res 14(5):595–617

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Lev EL, Owen SV (1996) A measure of self-care self-efficacy. Res Nurs Health 19:421–429

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Lev EL, Daley K, Conner N, et al (2001) An intervention to increase quality of life and self-care self-efficacy and decrease symptoms in breast cancer patients. Sch Inq Nurs Pract 15(3):277–294

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Lev EL, Eller LS, Gejerman G, et al (2004) Quality of life of men treated with brachytherapies for prostate cancer. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2(1):28–39

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Maliski SL, Kwan L, Krupski T, et al (2004) Confidence in the ability to communicate with physicians among low-income patients with prostate cancer. Urology 64(2):329–334

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Taylor SE (1983) Adjustment to threatening events: a theory of cognitive adaptation. Am Psychol 38:1161–1173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Merluzzi TV, Nairn RC, Hegde K, et al (2001) Self-efficacy for coping with cancer: revision of the Cancer Behavior Inventory (version 2.0). Psychooncology 10:206–217

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Thoits PA (1995) Stress, coping, and social support processes: where are we? What next? J Health Soc Behav 35:53–79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Van Andel G, Visser AP, Zwinderman AH, et al (2004) A prospective longitudinal study comparing the impact of external radiation therapy with radical prostatectomy on health related quality of life (HRQOL) in prostate cancer patients. Prostate 58(4):354–365

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Eller LS, Lev EL, Gejerman G, et al (2001) Prospective study of quality of life of patients receiving treatment for prostate cancer. Nurs Res 55(25):S28–S36

    Google Scholar 

  21. Owen SV, Lev EL (2001) Confirmatory factor evidence for the SUPPH. Presented at 13th annual scientific sessions of the Eastern Nursing Research Association, Atlantic City

  22. Levene H (1960) Robust tests for the equality of variance. In: Olkin I (eds) Contributions to statistics. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, pp 278–292

    Google Scholar 

  23. SAS® (2003) Proprietary Software Release 9.1.3. SAS Institute Inc., Cary

  24. Hill T, Lewicki P (2005) Statistics: methods and applications, StatSoft Inc. http://www.statsoft.com

  25. Browne MW, Arminger G (1995) Mean- and covariance-structure models. In: Arminger G, Clogg C, Sobel ME (eds) Handbook of statistical modeling in the social and behavioral sciences. Plenum, New York

  26. Bosscher RJ, Smit JH (1998) Confirmatory factor analysis of the General Self-Efficacy Scale. Behav Res Ther 36:339–343

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Glass TA, de Leon CM, Marottoli RA, et al (1999) Population based study of social and productive activities as predictors of survival among elderly Americans. BMJ 319(7208):478–483

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Parker SK (1998) Enhancing role breadth self-efficacy: the roles of job enrichment and other organizational interventions. J Appl Psychol 83(6):835–852

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Funding was provided by State of New Jersey Commission on Cancer Research, Institutional Minority Student Development grant, 1 R25 GM 0826-02. The authors gratefully acknowledge Steven V. Owen, Ph.D., Professor Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, for his comments on an earlier draft of this paper.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Nursing, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA

    Elise L. Lev & Lucille Sanzero Eller

  2. Department of Statistics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA

    John Kolassa

  3. Department of Radiation Oncology, The Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA

    Glen Gejerman, Joan Colella, Patricia Lane & Suzanne Scrofine

  4. Department of Urology, The Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA

    Michael Esposito, Vincent Lanteri, John Scheuch, Ravi Munver, Bernadette Galli, Richard A. Watson & Ihor Sawczuk

Authors
  1. Elise L. Lev
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Lucille Sanzero Eller
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. John Kolassa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Glen Gejerman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Joan Colella
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Patricia Lane
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Suzanne Scrofine
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Michael Esposito
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Vincent Lanteri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. John Scheuch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Ravi Munver
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Bernadette Galli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Richard A. Watson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Ihor Sawczuk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Elise L. Lev.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lev, E.L., Eller, L.S., Kolassa, J. et al. Exploratory factor analysis: strategies used by patients to promote health. World J Urol 25, 87–93 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-006-0126-7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-006-0126-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation