Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Long-term outcomes of the surgical management of renal cell carcinoma

  • Topic Paper
  • Published:
World Journal of Urology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

It has been 35 years since the radical nephrectomy was standardized by the work of Robson et al. (J Urol 101:297–301, 1969). Despite being based on a retrospective review of only 88 cases operated upon over a span of 15 years, this publication was an important milestone in the attempt to create uniformity in the staging of Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and the measurement of surgical outcomes for RCC. Although this manuscript forms the basis for our contemporary measurement of the long-term results of RCC surgery and set the standard to which the entire subsequent literature was compared, contemporary research subsequently has questioned many of Robson’s conclusions regarding RCC. In Robson’s era, the majority of patients presented with large, symptomatic tumors, pre-operative staging was imprecise, and many patients had locally advanced disease at the time of surgery: of the 88 patients in Robson’s series, 75% were managed through a thoracoabdominal incision. Since that time, advances in renal imaging and clinical staging have led to the increased detection of incidental, lower stage, organ-confined tumors more amendable to expanded surgical options. Surgical techniques have evolved and technological advances have made possible new methods of managing renal tumors in situ that have emphasized a transition from radical to less extirpative approaches. In addition, understanding of the basic biology and genetics of kidney cancer has led to improved prognostication and the development of effective immunotherapies for advanced disease. The current concepts and long-term outcomes of the surgical management of RCC will be reviewed to help elucidate some of these changes, from the evolution of open to laparoscopic to percutaneous, from radical to partial to ablative approaches.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Abbou CC, Cicco A, Gasman D, Hoznek A, Antiphon P, Chopin DK, Salomon L (1999) Retroperitoneal laparoscopic versus open radical nephrectomy. J Urol 161:1776–1780

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Allaf ME, Bhayani SB, Rogers C, Varkarakis I, Link RE, Inagaki T, Jarrett TW, Kavoussi LR (2004) Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: evaluation of long-term oncological outcome. J Urol 172:871–873

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Angermeier KW, Novick AC, Streem SB, Montie JE (1990) Nephron-sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma with venous involvement. J Urol 144:1352–1355

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Becker F, Siemer S, Humke U, Hack M, Ziegler M, Stockle M (2005) Elective nephron sparing surgery should become standard treatment for small unilateral renal cell carcinoma: long-term survival data of 216 patients. Eur Urol

  5. Belldegrun A, Tsui KH, deKernion JB, Smith RB (1999) Efficacy of nephron-sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma: analysis based on the new 1997 tumor-node-metastasis staging system. J Clin Oncol 17:2868–2875

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Bishoff JT, Chen RB, Lee BR, Chan DY, Huso D, Rodriguez R, Kavoussi LR, Marshall FF (1999) Laparoscopic renal cryoablation: acute and long-term clinical, radiographic, and pathologic effects in an animal model and application in a clinical trial. J Endourol 13:233–239

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Blom JH, van Poppel H, Marechal JM, Jacqmin D, Sylvester R, Schroder FH, de Prijck L (1999) Radical nephrectomy with and without lymph node dissection: preliminary results of the EORTC randomized phase III protocol 30881. EORTC Genitourinary Group. Eur Urol 36:570–575

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Bosniak MA (1986) The current radiological approach to renal cysts. Radiology 158:1–10

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Butler BP, Novick AC, Miller DP, Campbell SA, Licht MR (1995) Management of small unilateral renal cell carcinomas: radical versus nephron-sparing surgery. Urology 45:34–40; discussion 40–31

    Google Scholar 

  10. Cadeddu JA, Ono Y, Clayman RV, Barrett PH, Janetschek G, Fentie DD, McDougall EM, Moore RG, Kinukawa T, Elbahnasy AM, Nelson JB, Kavoussi LR (1998) Laparoscopic nephrectomy for renal cell cancer: evaluation of efficacy and safety: a multicenter experience. Urology 52:773–777

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Cestari A, Guazzoni G, dell’Acqua V, Nava L, Cardone G, Balconi G, Naspro R, Montorsi F, Rigatti P (2004) Laparoscopic cryoablation of solid renal masses: intermediate term followup. J Urol 172:1267–1270

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Chan DY, Cadeddu JA, Jarrett TW, Marshall FF, Kavoussi LR (2001) Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy: cancer control for renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 166:2095–2099; discussion 2099–2100

    Google Scholar 

  13. Cheng WS, Farrow GM, Zincke H (1991) The incidence of multicentricity in renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 146:1221–1223

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Chow WH, Devesa SS, Warren JL, Fraumeni JF Jr (1999) Rising incidence of renal cell cancer in the United States. JAMA 281:1628–1631

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Clayman RV, Kavoussi LR, Soper NJ, Dierks SM, Merety KS, Darcy MD, Long SR, Roemer FD, Pingleton ED, Thomson PG (1991) Laparoscopic nephrectomy. N Engl J Med 324:1370–1371

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Coll DM, Uzzo RG, Herts BR, Davros WJ, Wirth SL, Novick AC (1999) 3-dimensional volume rendered computerized tomography for preoperative evaluation and intraoperative treatment of patients undergoing nephron sparing surgery. J Urol 161:1097–1102

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Dechet CB, Sebo T, Farrow G, Blute ML, Engen DE, Zincke H (1999) Prospective analysis of intraoperative frozen needle biopsy of solid renal masses in adults. J Urol 162:1282–1284; discussion 1284–1285

    Google Scholar 

  18. Dechet CB, Zincke H, Sebo TJ, King BF, LeRoy AJ, Farrow GM, Blute ML (2003) Prospective analysis of computerized tomography and needle biopsy with permanent sectioning to determine the nature of solid renal masses in adults. J Urol 169:71–74

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Dekernion JB, Ramming KP, Smith RB (1978) The natural history of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a computer analysis. J Urol 120:148–152

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Desai MM, Gill IS, Ramani AP, Matin SF, Kaouk JH, Campero JM (2003) Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for cancer with level I renal vein involvement. J Urol 169:487–491

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Dunn MD, Portis AJ, Shalhav AL, Elbahnasy AM, Heidorn C, McDougall EM, Clayman RV (2000) Laparoscopic versus open radical nephrectomy: a 9-year experience. J Urol 164:1153–1159

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Fergany AF, Hafez KS, Novick AC (2000) Long-term results of nephron sparing surgery for localized renal cell carcinoma: 10-year followup. J Urol 163:442–445

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Fernandez-Acenero MJ, Galindo M, Bengoechea O, Borrega P, Reina JJ, Carapeto R (1998) Primary malignant lymphoma of the kidney: case report and literature review. Gen Diagn Pathol 143:317–320

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Ficarra V, Righetti R, Pilloni S, D’Amico A, Maffei N, Novella G, Zanolla L, Malossini G, Mobilio G (2002) Prognostic factors in patients with renal cell carcinoma: retrospective analysis of 675 cases. Eur Urol 41:190–198

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Ficarra V, Novara G, Galfano A, Novella G, Schiavone D, Artibani W (2004) Application of TNM, 2002 version, in localized renal cell carcinoma: is it able to predict different cancer-specific survival probability? Urology 63:1050–1054

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Figlin R, Gitlitz B, Franklin J, Dorey F, Moldawer N, Rausch J, deKernion J, Belldegrun A (1997) Interleukin-2-based immunotherapy for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: an analysis of 203 consecutively treated patients. Cancer J Sci Am 3(Suppl 1):S92–97

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Flanigan RC, Salmon SE, Blumenstein BA, Bearman SI, Roy V, McGrath PC, Caton JR Jr, Munshi N, Crawford ED (2001) Nephrectomy followed by interferon alfa-2b compared with interferon alfa-2b alone for metastatic renal-cell cancer. N Engl J Med 345:1655–1659

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Flanigan RC, Mickisch G, Sylvester R, Tangen C, Van Poppel H, Crawford ED (2004) Cytoreductive nephrectomy in patients with metastatic renal cancer: a combined analysis. J Urol 171:1071–1076

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Frank I, Blute ML, Leibovich BC, Cheville JC, Lohse CM, Zincke H (2005) Independent validation of the 2002 American Joint Committee on cancer primary tumor classification for renal cell carcinoma using a large, single institution cohort. J Urol 173:1889–1892

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Gervais DA, McGovern FJ, Arellano RS, McDougal WS, Mueller PR (2005) Radiofrequency ablation of renal cell carcinoma: part 1, indications, results, and role in patient management over a 6-year period and ablation of 100 tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol 185:64–71

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Ghavamian R, Cheville JC, Lohse CM, Weaver AL, Zincke H, Blute ML (2002) Renal cell carcinoma in the solitary kidney: an analysis of complications and outcome after nephron sparing surgery. J Urol 168:454–459

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Giberti C, Oneto F, Martorana G, Rovida S, Carmignani G (1997) Radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma: long-term results and prognostic factors on a series of 328 cases. Eur Urol 31:40–48

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Gill IS, Novick AC, Meraney AM, Chen RN, Hobart MG, Sung GT, Hale J, Schweizer DK, Remer EM (2000) Laparoscopic renal cryoablation in 32 patients. Urology 56:748–753

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Gill IS, Schweizer D, Hobart MG, Sung GT, Klein EA, Novick AC (2000) Retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy: the Cleveland clinic experience. J Urol 163:1665–1670

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Gill IS, Meraney AM, Schweizer DK, Savage SS, Hobart MG, Sung GT, Nelson D, Novick AC (2001) Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy in 100 patients: a single center experience from the United States. Cancer 92:1843–1855

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Gill IS, Desai MM, Kaouk JH, Meraney AM, Murphy DP, Sung GT, Novick AC (2002) Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for renal tumor: duplicating open surgical techniques. J Urol 167:469–467; discussion 475–466

    Google Scholar 

  37. Gill IS, Matin SF, Desai MM, Kaouk JH, Steinberg A, Mascha E, Thornton J, Sherief MH, Strzempkowski B, Novick AC (2003) Comparative analysis of laparoscopic versus open partial nephrectomy for renal tumors in 200 patients. J Urol 170:64–68

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Gill IS, Remer EM, Hasan WA, Strzempkowski B, Spaliviero M, Steinberg AP, Kaouk JH, Desai MM, Novick AC (2005) Renal cryoablation: outcome at 3 years. J Urol 173:1903–1907

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Glazer AA, Novick AC (1996) Long-term followup after surgical treatment for renal cell carcinoma extending into the right atrium. J Urol 155:448–450

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Gogus C, Baltaci S, Beduk Y, Sahinli S, Kupeli S, Gogus O (2003) Isolated local recurrence of renal cell carcinoma after radical nephrectomy: experience with 10 cases. Urology 61:926–929

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Guinan P, Sobin LH, Algaba F, Badellino F, Kameyama S, MacLennan G, Novick A (1997) TNM staging of renal cell carcinoma: Workgroup No. 3. Union International Contre le Cancer (UICC) and the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC). Cancer 80:992–993

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Hafez KS, Fergany AF, Novick AC (1999) Nephron sparing surgery for localized renal cell carcinoma: impact of tumor size on patient survival, tumor recurrence and TNM staging. J Urol 162:1930–1933

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Han KR, Bui MH, Pantuck AJ, Freitas DG, Leibovich BC, Dorey FJ, Zisman A, Janzen NK, Mukouyama H, Figlin RA, Belldegrun AS (2003) TNM T3a renal cell carcinoma: adrenal gland involvement is not the same as renal fat invasion. J Urol 169:899–903; discussion 903–894

    Google Scholar 

  44. Han KR, Pantuck AJ, Bui MH, Shvarts O, Freitas DG, Zisman A, Leibovich BC, Dorey FJ, Gitlitz BJ, Figlin RA, Belldegrun AS (2003) Number of metastatic sites rather than location dictates overall survival of patients with node-negative metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Urology 61:314–319

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Hermanek P, Schrott KM (1990) Evaluation of the new tumor, nodes and metastases classification of renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 144:238–241; discussion 241–232

    Google Scholar 

  46. Herrlinger A, Schrott KM, Schott G, Sigel A (1991) What are the benefits of extended dissection of the regional renal lymph nodes in the therapy of renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 146:1224–1227

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Hofmann HS, Neef H, Krohe K, Andreev P, Silber RE (2005) Prognostic factors and survival after pulmonary resection of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol 48:77–81; discussion 81–72

    Google Scholar 

  48. Interferon-alpha and survival in metastatic renal carcinoma: early results of a randomised controlled trial. Medical Research Council Renal Cancer Collaborators (1999). Lancet 353:14–17

  49. Itano NB, Blute ML, Spotts B, Zincke H (2000) Outcome of isolated renal cell carcinoma fossa recurrence after nephrectomy. J Urol 164:322–325

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Javidan J, Stricker HJ, Tamboli P, Amin MB, Peabody JO, Deshpande A, Menon M (1999) Prognostic significance of the 1997 TNM classification of renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 162:1277–1281

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Jemal A, Murray T, Ward E, Samuels A, Tiwari RC, Ghafoor A, Feuer EJ, Thun MJ (2005) Cancer statistics, 2005. CA Cancer J Clin 55:10–30

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Kallman DA, King BF, Hattery RR, Charboneau JW, Ehman RL, Guthman DA, Blute ML (1992) Renal vein and inferior vena cava tumor thrombus in renal cell carcinoma: CT, US, MRI and venacavography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 16:240–247

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Kavolius JP, Mastorakos DP, Pavlovich C, Russo P, Burt ME, Brady MS (1998) Resection of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 16:2261–2266

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Kim HL, Belldegrun AS, Freitas DG, Bui MH, Han KR, Dorey FJ, Figlin RA (2003) Paraneoplastic signs and symptoms of renal cell carcinoma: implications for prognosis. J Urol 170:1742–1746

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Kim HL, Zisman A, Han KR, Figlin RA, Belldegrun AS (2004) Prognostic significance of venous thrombus in renal cell carcinoma. Are renal vein and inferior vena cava involvement different? J Urol 171:588–591

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Kletscher BA, Qian J, Bostwick DG, Blute ML, Zincke H (1996) Prospective analysis of the incidence of ipsilateral adrenal metastasis in localized renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 155:1844–1846

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Kohrmann KU, Michel MS, Gaa J, Marlinghaus E, Alken P (2002) High intensity focused ultrasound as noninvasive therapy for multilocal renal cell carcinoma: case study and review of the literature. J Urol 167:2397–2403

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Kozlowski JM (1994) Management of distant solitary recurrence in the patient with renal cancer. Contralateral kidney and other sites. Urol Clin North Am 21:601–624

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Krishnamurthi V, Novick AC, Bukowski R (1996) Nephron sparing surgery in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 156:36–39

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Lam JS, Shvarts O, Pantuck AJ (2004) Changing concepts in the surgical management of renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol 45:692–705

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Lam JS, Shvarts O, Leppert JT, Figlin RA, Belldegrun AS (2005) Renal cell carcinoma 2005: new frontiers in staging, prognostication and targeted molecular therapy. J Urol 173:1853–1862

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Lau WK, Blute ML, Weaver AL, Torres VE, Zincke H (2000) Matched comparison of radical nephrectomy vs nephron-sparing surgery in patients with unilateral renal cell carcinoma and a normal contralateral kidney. Mayo Clin Proc 75:1236–1242

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Lee CT, Katz J, Shi W, Thaler HT, Reuter VE, Russo P (2000) Surgical management of renal tumors 4 cm or less in a contemporary cohort. J Urol 163:730–736

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Leibovich BC, Blute ML, Cheville JC, Lohse CM, Weaver AL, Zincke H (2004) Nephron sparing surgery for appropriately selected renal cell carcinoma between 4 and 7 cm results in outcome similar to radical nephrectomy. J Urol 171:1066–1070

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Lerner SE, Hawkins CA, Blute ML, Grabner A, Wollan PC, Eickholt JT, Zincke H (1996) Disease outcome in patients with low stage renal cell carcinoma treated with nephron sparing or radical surgery. J Urol 155:1868–1873

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Licht MR, Novick AC (1993) Nephron sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 149:1–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Link RE, Bhayani SB, Allaf ME, Varkarakis I, Inagaki T, Rogers C, Su LM, Jarrett TW, Kavoussi LR (2005) Exploring the learning curve, pathological outcomes and perioperative morbidity of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy performed for renal mass. J Urol 173:1690–1694

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Ljungberg B, Stenling R, Osterdahl B, Farrelly E, Aberg T, Roos G (1995) Vein invasion in renal cell carcinoma: impact on metastatic behavior and survival. J Urol 154:1681–1684

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Maldazys JD, deKernion JB (1986) Prognostic factors in metastatic renal carcinoma. J Urol 136:376–379

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Marcus SG, Choyke PL, Reiter R, Jaffe GS, Alexander RB, Linehan WM, Rosenberg SA, Walther MM (1993) Regression of metastatic renal cell carcinoma after cytoreductive nephrectomy. J Urol 150:463–466

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Matin SF, Gill IS, Worley S, Novick AC (2002) Outcome of laparoscopic radical and open partial nephrectomy for the sporadic 4 cm or less renal tumor with a normal contralateral kidney. J Urol 168:1356–1359; discussion 1359–1360

    Google Scholar 

  72. McDougal WS, Gervais DA, McGovern FJ, Mueller PR (2005) Long-term followup of patients with renal cell carcinoma treated with radio frequency ablation with curative intent. J Urol 174:61–63

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. McDougall EM, Elbahnasy AM, Clayman RV (1998) Laparoscopic wedge resection and partial nephrectomy—the Washington University experience and review of the literature. JSLS 2:15–23

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. McKiernan J, Simmons R, Katz J, Russo P (2002) Natural history of chronic renal insufficiency after partial and radical nephrectomy. Urology 59:816–820

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Micali S, Celia A, Bove P, De Stefani S, Sighinolfi MC, Kavoussi LR, Bianchi G (2004) Tumor seeding in urological laparoscopy: an international survey. J Urol 171:2151–2154

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Mickisch GH, Garin A, van Poppel H, de Prijck L, Sylvester R (2001) Radical nephrectomy plus interferon-alfa-based immunotherapy compared with interferon alfa alone in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma: a randomised trial. Lancet 358:966–970

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Minervini A, Lilas L, Morelli G, Traversi C, Battaglia S, Cristofani R, Minervini R (2001) Regional lymph node dissection in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma: is it useful in patients with no suspected adenopathy before or during surgery? BJU Int 88:169–172

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Moinzadeh A, Libertino JA (2004) Prognostic significance of tumor thrombus level in patients with renal cell carcinoma and venous tumor thrombus extension. Is all T3b the same? J Urol 171:598–601

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Montie JE, Stewart BH, Straffon RA, Banowsky LH, Hewitt CB, Montague DK (1977) The role of adjunctive nephrectomy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 117:272–275

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Motzer RJ, Mazumdar M, Bacik J, Berg W, Amsterdam A, Ferrara J (1999) Survival and prognostic stratification of 670 patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 17:2530–2540

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Mukamel E, Konichezky M, Engelstein D, Servadio C (1988) Incidental small renal tumors accompanying clinically overt renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 140:22–24

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Neves RJ, Zincke H, Taylor WF (1988) Metastatic renal cell cancer and radical nephrectomy: identification of prognostic factors and patient survival. J Urol 139:1173–1176

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. O’Dea MJ, Zincke H, Utz DC, Bernatz PE (1978) The treatment of renal cell carcinoma with solitary metastasis. J Urol 120:540–542

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Ono Y, Kinukawa T, Hattori R, Yamada S, Nishiyama N, Mizutani K, Ohshima S (1999) Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma: a five-year experience. Urology 53:280–286

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Pantuck AJ, Belldegrun AS, Figlin RA (2001) Nephrectomy and interleukin-2 for metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 345:1711–1712

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Pantuck AJ, Zisman A, Belldegrun AS (2001) The changing natural history of renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 166:1611–1623

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Pantuck AJ, Zisman A, Dorey F, Chao DH, Han KR, Said J, Gitlitz B, Belldegrun AS, Figlin RA (2003) Renal cell carcinoma with retroperitoneal lymph nodes. Impact on survival and benefits of immunotherapy. Cancer 97:2995–3002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Pantuck AJ, Zisman A, Dorey F, Chao DH, Han KR, Said J, Gitlitz BJ, Figlin RA, Belldegrun AS (2003) Renal cell carcinoma with retroperitoneal lymph nodes: role of lymph node dissection. J Urol 169:2076–2083

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P (2005) Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin 55:74–108

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Patard JJ, Kim HL, Lam JS, Dorey FJ, Pantuck AJ, Zisman A, Ficarra V, Han KR, Cindolo L, De La Taille A, Tostain J, Artibani W, Dinney CP, Wood CG, Swanson DA, Abbou CC, Lobel B, Mulders PF, Chopin DK, Figlin RA, Belldegrun AS (2004) Use of the University of California Los Angeles integrated staging system to predict survival in renal cell carcinoma: an international multicenter study. J Clin Oncol 22:3316–3322

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Patard JJ, Shvarts O, Lam JS, Pantuck AJ, Kim HL, Ficarra V, Cindolo L, Han KR, De La Taille A, Tostain J, Artibani W, Abbou CC, Lobel B, Chopin DK, Figlin RA, Mulders PF, Belldegrun AS (2004) Safety and efficacy of partial nephrectomy for all T1 tumors based on an international multicenter experience. J Urol 171:2181–2185; quiz 2435

    Google Scholar 

  92. Paul R, Mordhorst J, Busch R, Leyh H, Hartung R (2001) Adrenal sparing surgery during radical nephrectomy in patients with renal cell cancer: a new algorithm. J Urol 166:59–62

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Permpongkosol S, Chan DY, Link RE, Sroka M, Allaf M, Varkarakis I, Lima G, Jarrett TW, Kavoussi LR (2005) Long-term survival analysis after laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. J Urol 174:1222–1225

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Peters PC, Brown GL (1980) The role of lymphadenectomy in the management of renal cell carcinoma. Urol Clin North Am 7:705–709

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Polascik TJ, Pound CR, Meng MV, Partin AW, Marshall FF (1995) Partial nephrectomy: technique, complications and pathological findings. J Urol 154:1312–1318

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Portis AJ, Yan Y, Landman J, Chen C, Barrett PH, Fentie DD, Ono Y, McDougall EM, Clayman RV (2002) Long-term followup after laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. J Urol 167:1257–1262

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Rassweiler JJ, Abbou C, Janetschek G, Jeschke K (2000) Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. the European experience. Urol Clin North Am 27:721–736

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Rassweiler J, Tsivian A, Kumar AV, Lymberakis C, Schulze M, Seeman O, Frede T (2003) Oncological safety of laparoscopic surgery for urological malignancy: experience with more than 1,000 operations. J Urol 169:2072–2075

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Robson CJ, Churchill BM, Anderson W (1969) The results of radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 101:297–301

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Rodriguez R, Chan DY, Bishoff JT, Chen RB, Kavoussi LR, Choti MA, Marshall FF (2000) Renal ablative cryosurgery in selected patients with peripheral renal masses. Urology 55:25–30

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Rosenberg SA, Yang JC, Topalian SL, Schwartzentruber DJ, Weber JS, Parkinson DR, Seipp CA, Einhorn JH, White DE (1994) Treatment of 283 consecutive patients with metastatic melanoma or renal cell cancer using high-dose bolus interleukin 2. JAMA 271:907–913

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Sanchez-Ortiz RF, Madsen LT, Bermejo CE, Wen S, Shen Y, Swanson DA, Wood CG (2004) A renal mass in the setting of a nonrenal malignancy: when is a renal tumor biopsy appropriate? Cancer 101:2195–2201

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Schafhauser W, Ebert A, Brod J, Petsch S, Schrott KM (1999) Lymph node involvement in renal cell carcinoma and survival chance by systematic lymphadenectomy. Anticancer Res 19:1573–1578

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Scherr DS, Ng C, Munver R, Sosa RE, Vaughan ED Jr, Del Pizzo J (2003) Practice patterns among urologic surgeons treating localized renal cell carcinoma in the laparoscopic age: technology versus oncology. Urology 62:1007–1011

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Schrodter S, Hakenberg OW, Manseck A, Leike S, Wirth MP (2002) Outcome of surgical treatment of isolated local recurrence after radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 167:1630–1633

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Schubert RA, Soldner J, Steiner T, Schubert J, Kaiser WA (1998) Bilateral renal cell carcinoma in a horseshoe kidney: preoperative assessment with MRI and digital subtraction angiography. Eur Radiol 8:1694–1697

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Sengupta S, Zincke H, Leibovich BC, Blute ML (2005) Surgical treatment of stage pT3b renal cell carcinoma in solitary kidneys: a case series. BJU Int 96:54–57

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Shalev M, Cipolla B, Guille F, Staerman F, Lobel B (1995) Is ipsilateral adrenalectomy a necessary component of radical nephrectomy? J Urol 153:1415–1417

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Shingleton WB, Sewell PE (2004) Percutaneous renal tumor cryoablation: results in the first 90 patients. J Urol 171(Suppl):463, abstract 1751

    Google Scholar 

  110. Siemer S, Lehmann J, Kamradt J, Loch T, Remberger K, Humke U, Ziegler M, Stockle M (2004) Adrenal metastases in 1,635 patients with renal cell carcinoma: outcome and indication for adrenalectomy. J Urol 171:2155–2159; discussion 2159

    Google Scholar 

  111. Siemer S, Lehmann J, Loch A, Becker F, Stein U, Schneider G, Ziegler M, Stockle M (2005) Current TNM classification of renal cell carcinoma evaluated: revising stage T3a. J Urol 173:33–37

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Siminovitch JP, Montie JE, Straffon RA (1982) Lymphadenectomy in renal adenocarcinoma. J Urol 127:1090–1091

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Skinner DG, Colvin RB, Vermillion CD, Pfister RC, Leadbetter WF (1971) Diagnosis and management of renal cell carcinoma. A clinical and pathologic study of 309 cases. Cancer 28:1165–1177

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Skinner DG, Pritchett TR, Lieskovsky G, Boyd SD, Stiles QR (1989) Vena caval involvement by renal cell carcinoma. Surgical resection provides meaningful long-term survival. Ann Surg 210:387–392; discussion 392–384

    Google Scholar 

  115. Sobin LH, Wittekind C (2002) TNM classification of malignant tumours, 6 edn. Wiley-Liss, New York

    Google Scholar 

  116. Steinberg AP, Finelli A, Desai MM, Abreu SC, Ramani AP, Spaliviero M, Rybicki L, Kaouk J, Novick AC, Gill IS (2004) Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for large (greater than 7 cm, t2) renal tumors. J Urol 172:2172–2176

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Stifelman MD, Sosa RE, Nakada SY, Shichman SJ (2001) Hand-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. J Endourol 15:161–164

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Stifelman MD, Handler T, Nieder AM, Del Pizzo J, Taneja S, Sosa RE, Shichman SJ (2003) Hand-assisted laparoscopy for large renal specimens: a multi-institutional study. Urology 61:78–82

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Tanguay S, Pisters LL, Lawrence DD, Dinney CP (1996) Therapy of locally recurrent renal cell carcinoma after nephrectomy. J Urol 155:26–29

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Terrone C, Guercio S, De Luca S, Poggio M, Castelli E, Scoffone C, Tarabuzzi R, Scarpa RM, Fontana D, Rocca Rossetti S (2003) The number of lymph nodes examined and staging accuracy in renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int 91:37–40

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Thompson RH, Leibovich BC, Cheville JC, Lohse CM, Frank I, Kwon ED, Zincke H, Blute ML (2005) Should direct ipsilateral adrenal invasion from renal cell carcinoma be classified as pT3a? J Urol 173:918–921

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Thompson RH, Leibovich BC, Lohse CM, Zincke H, Blute ML (2005) Complications of contemporary open nephron sparing surgery: a single institution experience. J Urol 174:855–858

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Tolia BM, Whitmore WF Jr (1975) Solitary metastasis from renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 114:836–838

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Tsivian A, Sidi AA (2003) Port site metastases in urological laparoscopic surgery. J Urol 169:1213–1218

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Tsui KH, Shvarts O, Barbaric Z, Figlin R, de Kernion JB, Belldegrun A (2000) Is adrenalectomy a necessary component of radical nephrectomy? UCLA experience with 511 radical nephrectomies. J Urol 163:437–441

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Tsui KH, Shvarts O, Smith RB, Figlin RA, deKernion JB, Belldegrun A (2000) Prognostic indicators for renal cell carcinoma: a multivariate analysis of 643 patients using the revised 1997 TNM staging criteria. J Urol 163:1090–1095; quiz 1295

    Google Scholar 

  127. Uzzo RG, Novick AC (2001) Nephron sparing surgery for renal tumors: indications, techniques and outcomes. J Urol 166:6–18

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. van der Poel HG, Roukema JA, Horenblas S, van Geel AN, Debruyne FM (1999) Metastasectomy in renal cell carcinoma: a multicenter retrospective analysis. Eur Urol 35:197–203

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Van Poppel H, Bamelis B, Oyen R, Baert L (1998) Partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma can achieve long-term tumor control. J Urol 160:674–678

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Varkarakis IM, Allaf ME, Inagaki T, Bhayani SB, Chan DY, Su LM, Jarrett TW, Kavoussi LR, Solomon SB (2005) Percutaneous radio frequency ablation of renal masses: results at a 2-year mean followup. J Urol 174:456–460; discussion 460

    Google Scholar 

  131. Vasselli JR, Yang JC, Linehan WM, White DE, Rosenberg SA, Walther MM (2001) Lack of retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy predicts survival of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 166:68–72

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Walther MM, Patel B, Choyke PL, Lubensky IA, Vocke CD, Harris C, Venzon D, Burtis WJ, Linehan WM (1997) Hypercalcemia in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: effect of nephrectomy and metabolic evaluation. J Urol 158:733–739

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Walther MM, Lyne JC, Libutti SK, Linehan WM (1999) Laparoscopic cytoreductive nephrectomy as preparation for administration of systemic interleukin-2 in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a pilot study. Urology 53:496–501

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Whang M, O’Toole K, Bixon R, Brunetti J, Ikeguchi E, Olsson CA, Sawczuk TS, Benson MC (1995) The incidence of multifocal renal cell carcinoma in patients who are candidates for partial nephrectomy. J Urol 154:968–970; discussion 970–961

    Google Scholar 

  135. Wille AH, Roigas J, Deger S, Tullmann M, Turk I, Loening SA (2004) Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy: techniques, results and oncological outcome in 125 consecutive cases. Eur Urol 45:483–488; discussion 488–489

    Google Scholar 

  136. Wu F, Wang ZB, Chen WZ, Bai J, Zhu H, Qiao TY (2003) Preliminary experience using high intensity focused ultrasound for the treatment of patients with advanced stage renal malignancy. J Urol 170:2237–2240

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Zisman A, Pantuck AJ, Dorey F, Said JW, Shvarts O, Quintana D, Gitlitz BJ, deKernion JB, Figlin RA, Belldegrun AS (2001) Improved prognostication of renal cell carcinoma using an integrated staging system. J Clin Oncol 19:1649–1657

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Zisman A, Pantuck AJ, Wieder J, Chao DH, Dorey F, Said JW, deKernion JB, Figlin RA, Belldegrun AS (2002) Risk group assessment and clinical outcome algorithm to predict the natural history of patients with surgically resected renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 20:4559–4566

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Zisman A, Wieder JA, Pantuck AJ, Chao DH, Dorey F, Said JW, Gitlitz BJ, deKernion JB, Figlin RA, Belldegrun AS (2003) Renal cell carcinoma with tumor thrombus extension: biology, role of nephrectomy and response to immunotherapy. J Urol 169:909–916

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, 66-124 CHS, Box 951738, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1738, USA

    John S. Lam, Arie S. Belldegrun & Allan J. Pantuck

Authors
  1. John S. Lam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Arie S. Belldegrun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Allan J. Pantuck
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Allan J. Pantuck.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lam, J.S., Belldegrun, A.S. & Pantuck, A.J. Long-term outcomes of the surgical management of renal cell carcinoma. World J Urol 24, 255–266 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-006-0055-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-006-0055-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation