Abstract
Global warming is an irreversible trend. Maize hybrids responded differently to elevated temperature throughout the whole growth periods, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear, particularly from the early stalk growth stage that is used to adapt different environments. For this, two hybrids, Zhengdan958 (heat-tolerant hybrid) and Xianyu335 (heat-sensitive hybrid), including control (CK), the whole growth period increased by 2 °C (CK+2°C), and the whole growth period increased by 4 °C (CK+4°C). Compared to CK, the length of the third internode of CK+2°C and CK+4°C at 56 days after planting (DAP), increased on average by 6.91% and 19.20%, respectively. The elongation of internode in XY335 grew faster than in ZD958, and the third internode density of XY335 decreased more than that of ZD958 at 28 DAP. With temperature increasing, cell length elongated significantly, and cell layers decreased significantly under the CK+4°C and CK+2°C. Compared with CK, the total width of ground tissue cells, hypodermis cells and epidermis cell width of CK+4°C and CK+2°C decreased by 26.16%, 30.29%, 28.82%, and 18.57%, 24.39%, 17.11%, respectively. The major axe (R1), minor axe (R2), and length of the third internode were correlated negatively with ratios of IAA/ABA, ZR/ABA, and GA3/ABA. There was significantly positive relationship between total width of ground tissue cells and crushing strength, thrust resistance (p < 0.05). And the correlations between crushing strength and thrust resistance (p < 0.05), R1 cell layers and R2 cell layers (p < 0.01) was significantly positive. This finding would supply a reference to evolve strategies in breeding stress-tolerant hybrids under the global climate change.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbas G, Ahmad S, Ahmad A, Nasim W, Fatima Z, Hussain S et al (2017) Quantification the impacts of climate change and crop management on phenology of maize-based cropping system in Punjab Pakistan. Agric For Meteorol 247:42–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.07.012
Ahmad S, Abbas G, Ahmed M, Fatima Z, Anjum MA, Rasul G et al (2019) Climate warming and management impact on the change of phenology of the rice-wheat cropping system in Punjab Pakistan. Field Crop Res 230:46–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2018.10.008
Ahmad I, Ahmad B, Boote K, Hoogenboom G (2020) Adaptation strategies for maize production under climate change for semi-arid environments. Eur J Agron 115:126040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2020.126040
Ahmad A, Liu Y, Ge Q (2022) Assessing environmental thresholds in relation to plant structure and nutritional value for improved maize calendar ensuring food security. Sci Total Environ 834:155120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155120
Anderson WB, Seager R, Baethgen W, Cane M, You L (2019) Synchronous crop failures and climate-forced production variability. Sci Adv 5:1976. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw1976
Barnabás B, Jäger K, Fehér A (2008) The effect of drought and heat stress on reproductive processes in cereals. Plant Cell Environ 31:11–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01727.x
Bian D, Liu M, Niu H, Wei Z, Cui Y (2017) Effects of nitrogen application times on stem traits and lodging of summer maize (Zea mays L.) in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. Sci Agric Sin 50:2294–2304. https://doi.org/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.12.010
Cairns JE, Crossa J, Zaidi PH, Grudloyma P, Sanchez C, Araus JL et al (2013) Identification of drought heat and combined drought and heat tolerant donors in maize. Crop Sci 53:1335–1346. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2012.09.0545
Cui HY, Jin LB, Li B, Zhang JW, Zhao B, Dong ST et al (2012) Effects of shading on stalks morphology structure and lodging of summer maize in field. Sci Agric Sin 45:3497–3505. https://doi.org/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2012.17.005
Feng HJ, Zhang SP, Ma CJ, Liu P, Dong ST, Zhao B et al (2014) Effect of plant density on microstructure of stalk vascular bundle of summer maize (Zea mays L.) and its characteristics of sap flow. Sci Agric Sin 40:1435–1442. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1006.2014.01435
Gao Z, Feng H, Liang X, Zhang L, Lin S, Zhao X et al (2018) Limits to maize productivity in the North China Plain: a comparison analysis for spring and summer maize. Field Crop Res 228:39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2018.08.022
Gou L, Huang JJ, Zhang B, Li T, Sun R, Zhao M (2007) Effects of population density on stalk lodging resistant mechanism and agronomic characteristics of maize. Acta Agron Sin 33:1688–1695
Guo Y, Hu Y, Chen H, Yan P, Du Q, Wang Y et al (2021) Identification of traits and genes associated with lodging resistance in maize. Crop J 9:1408–1417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2021.01.002
Hakim S, Naqqash T, Nawaz MS, Laraib I, Siddique MJ, Zia R et al (2021) Rhizosphere engineering with plant growth-promoting microorganisms for agriculture and ecological sustainability. Front Sustain Food Syst 5:617157. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.617157
He Q, Zhou G, Lü X, Zhou M (2019) Climatic suitability and spatial distribution for summer maize cultivation in China at 1.5 and 2.0°C global warming. Sci Bull 64:690–697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2019.03.030
Hirotomo T, Masaaki U (2014) Hormonal control of cell division and elongation along differentiation trajectories in roots. J Exp Bot 10:2633–2643. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ert485
Huber H, Brouwer J, Wettberg EJ, During HJ, Anten NPR (2013) More cells bigger cells or simply reorganization? Alternative mechanisms leading to changed internode architecture under contrasting stress regimes. New Phytol 201:193–204. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12474
IPCC (2014) Impacts adaptation and vulnerability. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 1–32
Islam MS, Peng S, Visperas RM, Ereful N, Bhuiya MSU, Julfiquar AW (2007) Lodging-related morphological traits of hybrid rice in a tropical irrigated ecosystem. Field Crop Res 101:240–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2006.12.002
Kuryata VH, Rogach VV, Buina OI, Kushnir OV, Buinyi OV (2017) Impact of gibberelic acid and tebuconazole on formation of the leaf system and functioning of donor–acceptor plant system of solanaceae vegetable crops. Regul Mech Biosyst 8:162–168. https://doi.org/10.15421/021726
Li L, Shao T, Yang H, Chen M, Gao X, Long X et al (2017) The endogenous plant hormones and ratios regulate sugar and dry matter accumulation in Jerusalem artichoke in salt-soil. Sci Total Environ 578:40–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.075
Li B, Gao F, Ren B, Dong S, Liu P, Zhao B et al (2021) Lignin metabolism regulates lodging resistance of maize hybrids under varying planting density. J Integr Agric 20(20):2077–2089. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119
Li T, Zhang XP, Liu Q, Liu J, Chen YQ, Sui P (2022a) Yield penalty of maize (Zea mays L.) under heat stress in different growth stages: a review. J Integr Agric 21:2465–2476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jia.2022.07.013
Li Y, Han X, Ren H, Zhao B, Zhang J, Ren B et al (2022b) Exogenous SA or 6-BA maintains photosynthetic activity in maize leaves under high temperature stress. Crop J 11:605–617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2022.08.006
Liu DY, Yan ZH, Chen YB, Yang Q, Jiu XC, Li HP et al (2021) Effects of elevated temperature on maize stem growth, lodging resistance characters and yield. Sci Agric Sin 54:3609–3622. https://doi.org/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.17.005
Lizaso JI, Ruiz-Ramos M, Rodríguez L, Gabaldon-Leal C, Oliveira JA, Lorite IJ et al (2018) Impact of high temperatures in maize: phenology and yield components. Field Crop Res 216:129–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2017.11.013
Lucas MD, Daviere JM, Rodriguez-Falcon M, Pontin M, Iglesias-Pedraz JM, Lorrain S et al (2008) A molecular framework for light and gibberellin control of cell elongation. Nature 451:480–484. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06520
Lv R, Zhang W, Xie X, Wang Q, Gao K, Zeng Y et al (2022) Foliar application uniconazole enhanced lodging resistance of high-quality indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) by altering anatomical traits cell structure and endogenous hormones. Field Crop Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2021.108425
Notununu I, Moleleki L, Roopnarain A, Adeleke R (2022) Effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on the molecular responses of maize under drought and heat stresses: a review. Pedosphere 32(21):90–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160
Ordóñez RA, Savin R, Cossani CM, Slafer GA (2015) Yield response to heat stress as affected by nitrogen availability in maize. Field Crop Res 183:184–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2015.07.010
Qin X, Feng F, Li Y, Xu S, Siddique KHM et al (2016) Maize yield improvements in China: past trends and future directions. Plant Breed 135:166–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbr.12347
Raftery AE, Zimmer A, Frierson DMW, Startz R, Liu P (2017) Less than 2°C warming by 2100 unlikely. Nat Clim Change 7:637–641. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3352
Ren B, Zhang J, Li X, Fan X, Dong S, Liu P et al (2013) Effects of waterlogging on stem lodging resistance of summer maize. Sci Agric Sin 46:2440–2448
Riyanti D (2019) Key assessments from the IPCC special report on global warming of 1.5°C and the implications for the Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction. Prog Disaster Sci 1:2590–0617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2019.100001
Rogelj J, Popp A, Calvin KV, Luderer G, Emmerling J, Gernaat D et al (2018) Scenarios towards limiting global mean temperature increase below 1.5°C. Nat Clim Change 8:325–332. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0091-3
Sanchez B, Rasmussen A, Porter JR (2014) Temperatures and the growth and development of maize and rice: a review. Glob Change Biol 20:408–417. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12389
Shah AN, Tanveer M, ur Rehman A, Anjum SA, IqbalJ, Ahmad R (2017) Lodging stress in cereal-effects and management: an overview. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:5222–5237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-8237-1
Shao J, Liu P, Zhao B, Zhang J, Zhao X, Ren B (2023) Combined effects of high temperature and waterlogging on yield and stem development of summer maize. Crop J 11:651–660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2022.08.005
Sher A, Khan A, Ashraf U, Liu HH, Li JC (2018) Characterization of the effect of increased plant density on canopy morphology and stalk lodging risk. Front Plant Sci 9:1047. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01047
Voorend W, Nelissen H, Vanholme R, Vliegher AD, Breusegem FV, Boerjan W et al (2016) Overexpression of GA20-OXIDAPE1 impacts plant height biomass allocation and saccharification efficiency in maize. Plant Biotechnol J 14:997–1007. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.12458
Wahid A, Gelani S, Ashraf M, Foolad MR (2007) Heat tolerance in plants: an overview. Environ Exp Bot 61:199–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2007.05.011
Wang C, Hu D, Liu X, She H, Ruan R, Yang H et al (2015) Effects of uniconazole on the lignin metabolism and lodging resistance of culm in common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum M). Field Crop Res 180:46–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2015.05.009
Wang Q, Xue J, Chen JL, Fan YH, Zhang GQ, Xie RZ et al (2020) Key indicators affecting maize stalk lodging resistance of different growth periods under different sowing dates. J Integr Agric 19(20):2419–2428. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119
Wu W, Qu J, Blennow A, Herburger K, Hebelstrup KH, Guo K et al (2022) The effects of drought treatments on biosynthesis and structure of maize starches with different amylose content. Carbohydr Polym. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120045
Xiao D, Liu DL, Wang B, Feng P, Waters C (2020) Designing high-yielding maize ideotypes to adapt changing climate in the North China Plain. Agric Syst. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102805
Xue J, Gao S, Fan Y, Li L, Ming B, Wang K et al (2020a) Traits of plant morphology stalk mechanical strength and biomass accumulation in the selection of lodging-resistant maize cultivars. Eur J Agron. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2020.126073
Xue J, Ming B, Xie R, Wang K, Hou P, Li S (2020b) Evaluation of maize lodging resistance based on the critical wind speed of stalk breaking during the late growth stage. Plant Method 16:148. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-35213/v2
Yang LJ, Yang DB, Yan XJ, Cui L, Wang ZY, Yuan HZ (2016) The role of gibberellins in improving the resistance of tebuconazole-coated maize seeds to chilling stress by microencapsulation. Sci Rep 6:35447. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep35447
Zhang Y, Du J, Wang J, Ma L, Lu X, Pan X et al (2018) High-throughput micro-phenotyping measurements applied to assess stalk lodging in maize (Zea mays L). Biol Res 51:40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40659-018-0190-7
Zhang C, Wang Q, Zhang B, Zhang F, Liu P, Zhou S et al (2020) Hormonal and enzymatic responses of maize seedlings to chilling stress as affected by triazoles seed treatments. Plant Physiol Biochem 148:220–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.01.017
Zhang P, Gu S, Wang Y, Yang R, Yan Y, Zhang S et al (2021) Morphological and mechanical variables associated with lodging in maize (Zea mays L). Field Crop Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2021.108178
Zhao J, Guo J, Xu Y, Mu J (2015) Effects of climate change on cultivation patterns of spring maize and its climatic suitability in Northeast China. Agric Ecosyst Environ 202:178–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.01.013
Zhao X, Yu H, Wen J, Wang X, Du Q, Wang J et al (2016a) Response of root morphology, physiology and endogenous hormones in maize (Zea mays L.) to potassium deficiency. J Integr Agric 15:785–794. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(15)61246-1
Zhao FY, Zhang DY, Zhao YL, Wang W, Yang H, Tai FJ et al (2016b) The difference of physiological and proteomic changes in maize leaves adaptation to drought heat and combined both stresses. Front Plant Sci 7:1471. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01471
Zheng MJ, Lv LH, Shen HP, Yao HP, Jia XL (2022) Effect of warming during whole growth period on phenological phase, grain yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat. J Triticeae Crop 42:100–108. https://doi.org/10.7606/jissn.1009-104120220112
Acknowledgements
We thank the members of our research team for their contributions to this work.
Funding
This work was supported by the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-02-20) and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFD2300802-7).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
JW and RL contributed to conceptualization, investigation (responsible for most experimental work), formal analysis, validation, visualization, and writing—original draft; DL, WZ, ZM, XJ and PD contributed to formal analysis; QW contributed to conceptualization, funding acquisition, project administration, supervision, and writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Additional information
Handling Editor: Serena Varatto.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, J., Li, R., Liu, D. et al. Endogenous Hormones Improve Lodging Tolerance of Maize (Zea mays L.) by Regulating Stalk Structure Under Elevated Temperature. J Plant Growth Regul 43, 445–457 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-023-11098-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-023-11098-6