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Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Responses of Young Cacao Plants Grown in Coastal Plain Compacted Soil, with Location and Phosphorus Limitation

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Abstract

In the cacao growing region of Bahia, Brazil, there are large areas of coastal plain soils, which normally do not support cacao cropping because of their adverse chemical and physical limitations. The main objectives of this work were to evaluate growth, photosynthesis, antioxidative metabolism, and gene expression in young plants of CCN 51 cacao genotype grown in coastal plain compacted soil, with location and phosphorus limitation. A cohesive yellow oxisol was placed in polyvinyl chloride tubes with 0.24 m (height) × 0.1 m (internal diameter). The tubes were subdivided into three rings of 0.08 m height connected with tape. In the upper and lower rings soil density was maintained at 1 kg dm−3. In the lower ring, two levels of soil P (low—200 mg dm−3 soil and ideal—400 mg dm−3 soil) were evaluated. In the middle ring five soil densities (1; 1.3; 1.4, 1.5, and 1.7 kg dm−3) were maintained. Changes were observed in the leaves number, leaf area and root dry biomass. There were variations in the activity of dismutase superoxide, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase enzymes, involved in antioxidative leaf and root metabolism. Changes in the expression of the Cu–Zn–sodcyt, Cu–Zn–sodchl and per-1 gene transcripts were observed. Mechanical stress promoted by soil compaction, associated to variations in dose and P location, reduced the root length of the young cacao plants in relation to the volume, increased its diameter in the compacted layer and decreased the activity of most of the enzymes and expression of genes related to antioxidative metabolism, mainly in root level.

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Data Availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Code Availability

Not applicable.

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Acknowledgements

The first author thanks the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia—FAPESB, Brazil, for the concession of a fellowship of the doctoral study. The second author gratefully acknowledges the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnological (CNPq) for the concession of a fellowship of scientific productivity. We thank Marshall Elson for excellent review of this paper.

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  1. Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Highway Jorge Amado, km 16, Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil

    Thayse França Tosto, Alex-Alan Furtado de Almeida, Bruna Rafaela Machado Oliveira, Arlicélio Queiroz Paiva, Dário Ahnert & Graciele Santos Monteiro Reis

  2. USDA-ARS-Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA

    Virupax C. Baligar

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  1. Thayse França Tosto
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Tosto, T.F., de Almeida, AA.F., Oliveira, B.R.M. et al. Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Responses of Young Cacao Plants Grown in Coastal Plain Compacted Soil, with Location and Phosphorus Limitation. J Plant Growth Regul 42, 2389–2407 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-022-10712-3

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