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Nitric Oxide Improved Growth and Yield in Soybean (Glycine max) by Mediating Physiological, Anatomical, and Transcriptional Modifications

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Abstract

This study investigated the physiological, molecular, and anatomical responses of soybean to the long-time utilization of nitric oxide (NO; 0 and 25 µM) under two application methods (foliar application or supplementation of nutrient solution). The NO application increased shoot biomass (mean = 49.7%), root dry mass (mean = 38.9%), number of leaves (mean = 28.5%), leaf fresh mass (mean = 29.2%), and number of pods (mean = 59.5%). NO enhanced K (14.5%), Fe (25.2%), and Zn (27%) in both leaves and seeds. Either foliar or soil application of NO upregulated bHLH (mean = 3.3-fold) and EREB (mean = sevenfold) genes at the transcription level. The NO treatments induced expression of HSF34, R2R3MYB, WRKY1, and MAPK1 genes by averages of 14, 8.2, 4.5, and 5.6 folds, respectively. Similarly, the histone deacetylase (HDA) gene was upregulated in response to either foliar (3.2-fold) or soil supplementation (2.6-fold) of NO, indicating that NO can lead to epigenetic modification. The NO treatments also led to the upregulation in the CAT1 gene by an average of 9.2-fold. The applied supplement enhanced photosynthetic pigments, including the concentrations of Chla, Chlb, and carotenoids. Significant upward trends in the activities of nitrate reductase (37%), catalase (39%), peroxidase (52%), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (28.3%) enzymes were found in response to NO. The NO treatments increased soluble phenols and proline concentration in leaves by 52.5% and 32%, respectively. NO utilization also reinforced the differentiation of metaxylem tissue, a clear illustration of how NO can improve nutritional status. Overall, this study makes a significant contribution to the NO-responsive genes, especially transcription factors.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Dr. K. Khosraviani and MSc. A. Nematolahi for their benevolent and professional collaborations in the research procedure.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran

    Tahereh Mirakhorli & Zahra Oraghi Ardebili

  2. Department of Horticulture, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran

    Alireza Ladan-Moghadam & Elham Danaee

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  1. Tahereh Mirakhorli
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  2. Zahra Oraghi Ardebili
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  3. Alireza Ladan-Moghadam
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  4. Elham Danaee
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Contributions

TM: Resources, methodology, review, and editing; ZOA: Conceptualization, visualization, investigation, methodology, software, statistical analysis, writing- original draft, review, and editing; AL: Conceptualization, visualization, investigation, review, and editing; ED: Conceptualization, investigation, review, and editing. All authors have contributed, seen, and approved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Zahra Oraghi Ardebili.

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Mirakhorli, T., Oraghi Ardebili, Z., Ladan-Moghadam, A. et al. Nitric Oxide Improved Growth and Yield in Soybean (Glycine max) by Mediating Physiological, Anatomical, and Transcriptional Modifications. J Plant Growth Regul 41, 1331–1343 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-021-10389-0

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