Abstract
The current investigation aimed to evaluate the role of silicon forms on sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) biomass and essential oil (EO) production, as well as some physiological and ultrastructural modification under different irrigation regimes. Drought significantly decreased plant growth, photosynthetic pigment, ion, relative water content, catalase activity, and EO yield, meanwhile, increased organic and antioxidant solute concentration, EO percentage, peroxidase activity, and oxidative impairment criteria (hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, and membrane permeability percentage). Concerning EO constituents, linalool and methyl chavicol were the major components that decreased under drought relative to well-watered plants. Exogenous application of silicon forms under well-watered or drought condition may fully or partially compensate to some extent to sweet basil plant development and biochemical attributes (photosynthetic pigment, ion percentage, antioxidant solutes, and organic osmolytes). The maximum EO yield was obtained by 250 mg L−1 sodium metasilicate (Si) under mild drought. Cell organelles exhibited a different degree of malformation and lyse under severe drought; conversely, application of Si forms nullify the abovementioned injuries caused by drought. In conclusion, application of 250 mg L−1 Si improved drought tolerance in sweet basil herb and EO yield by accelerating their antioxidant system, osmoregulation, and maintaining organelles ultrastructure that induced herb growth and EO yield.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abd El-Razik TM, Hegazy MH, Amer HM, Wahba HE, Hendawy SF, Hussein MS (2015) Effect of potassium silicate as anti-transpiration on growth, essential oil of chervil plant under Egyptian conditions. Int J PharmTech Res 10:32–39
Abramovic H, Abram V, Cuk A, Ceh B, Smolemozina S, Vidmar M, Pavlovic M, Poklarulrih N (2018) Antioxidative and antibacterial properties of organically grown thyme (Thymus sp.) and basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Turk J Agric For 42:185–194. https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-1711-82
Agarie S, Hanaoka N, Ueno O, Miyazaki A, Kubota F, Agata W, Kaufman PB (1998) Effects of silicon on tolerance to water deficit and heat stress in rice plants (Oryza sativa L.), monitored by electrolyte leakage. Plant Prod Sci 1:96–103
Ahmad P, Abdel Latef AA, Hashem A, Abd-Allah EF, Gucel S, Tran LSP (2016) Nitric oxide mitigates salt stress by regulating levels of osmolytes and antioxidant enzymes in Chickpea. Front Plant Sci 7:347
Allakhverdiev I, Hayashi H, Nishiyama Y, Ivanov AG, Aliev JA, Klimov VV (2003) Glycinebetaine protects the D1/D2/ Cytb559 complex of photosystem II against photo-induced and heat-induced inactivation. J Plant Physiol 160:41–49
Alzahrani Y, Kuşvuran A, Alharby HF, Kuşvuran S, Rady MM (2018) The defensive role of silicon in wheat against stress conditions induced by drought, salinity or cadmium. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 154:187–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.02.057
Arbona V, Flors V, Jacas J, García-Agustín P, Gómez-Cadenas A (2003) Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant responses of Carrizo citrange, a salt sensitive citrus rootstock, to different levels of salinity. Plant Cell Physiol 44:388–394. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcg059
Asada K (2006) Production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species in chloroplasts and their functions. Plant Physiol 141:391–396
Askari E, Ehsanzadeh P (2015) Drought stress mitigation by foliar application of salicylic acid and their interactive effects on physiological characteristics of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) genotypes. Acta Physiol Plant 37:1–14
Askary M, Behdani MA, Parsa S, Mohmoodi S, Jamialahmadi M (2018) Water stress and manure application affect the quantity and quality of essential oil of Thymus daenensis and Thymus vulgaris. Ind Crops Prod 111:336–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.09.056
Badawy MYM, Abd El-Azim WM (2014) Response of Marjorana hortensis L. plant treated with silicon and magnetite to increasing its efficiencies to tolerance salinity. Egyptian J Desert Res 64:117–133
Bahreininejad B, Razmjoo J, Mirza M (2013) Influence of water stress on morphophysiological and phytochemical traits in Thymus daenensis. Int J Plant Prod 7:151–166
Blum A (2017) Osmotic adjustment is a prime drought stress adaptive engine in support of plant production. Plant Cell Environ 40:4–10
Burducea M, Zheljazkov VD, Dincheva I, Lobiuc A, Teliban GC, Stoleru V, Zamfirache MM (2018) Fertilization modifies the essential oil and physiology of basil varieties. Ind Crops Prod 121:282–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.05.021
Burt S (2004) Essentials oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods—a review. Int J Food Microbiol 94:223–253
Bybordi A, Saadat S, Zargaripour P (2018) The effect of zeolite, selenium and silicon on qualitative and quantitative traits of onion grown under salinity conditions. Arch Agron Soil Sci 64(4):520–530. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2017.1373278
Campos CN, Avila RG, de Souza KRD, Azevedo LM, Alves JD (2019) Melatonin reduces oxidative stress and promotes drought tolerance in young Coffea arabica L. plants. Agric Water Manage 211:37–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.09.025
Caser M, D’Angiolillo F, Chitarra W, Lovisolo C, Ruffoni B, Pistelli L, Pistelli L, Scariot V (2018) Ecophysiological and phytochemical responses of Salvia sinaloensis Fern. to drought stress. Plant Growth Regul 84:383–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-017-0349-1
Charles DJ, Joly RJ, Simon JE (1990) Effect of osmotic stress on the essential oil content and composition of peppermint. Phytochemistry 2:2837–2840
Chenni M, ElAbed D, Rakotomanomana N, Fernandez X, Chemat F (2016) Comparative study of essential oils extracted from Egyptian basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum L.) using hydro-distillation and solvent-free microwave extraction. Molecules 21:113. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21010113
Cooper TG (1977) The tools of biochemistry. A Wiley-Interscience Pub. Wiley, New York
Deshmukh RK, Ma JF, Bélanger RR (2017) Editorial: role of silicon in plants. Front Plant Sci 8:1858. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01858
Duke JA, Bogenschutz-Godwin MJ, DuCellier J, Duke PAK (2008) Handbook of medicinal herbs, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 60–62
Elshafie HS, Camele I (2017) An overview of the biological effects of some mediterranean essential oils on human health. Biomed Res Int 2017:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9268468
Epstein E (1999) Silicon. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 50:641–664
Esmaeilzadeh Bahabadi S, Rezaei A (2018) Nitric oxide increased the rosmarinic acid and essential oil production in invitro-cultured Melissa officinalis. J Med Plant 17(65):61–72
Fallah S, Ghalavand A, Khajehpour MR (2007) Effects of animal manure incorporation methods and its integration with chemical fertilizer on yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.) in Khorramabad, Lorestan. J Sci Technol Agric Nat Resour 11:233–243
Farahani HA, Valadabadi SA, Daneshian J, Shiranirad AH, Khalvati MA (2009) Medicinal and aromatic plants farming under drought conditions. J Hortic For 1:86–92
Farouk S, Belal BEA, El Sharkawy HHA (2017) The role of some elicitors on the management of Roumy Ahmar grapevines downy mildew disease and its related to inducing growth and yield characters. Sci Hortic 225:646–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2017.07.054
Farouk S, Arafa Sally A, Nassar Rania MA (2018) Improving drought tolerance in corn (Zea mays L) by foliar application with salicylic acid. Int J Environ 7(3):104–123
García-Caparrós P, Romero MJ, Llanderal A, Cermeño P, Lao MT, Segura ML (2019) Effects of drought stress on biomass, essential oil content, nutritional parameters, and costs of production in six lamiaceae species. Water 11:573. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11030573
Ghassemi-Golezani K, Ghassemi S, Zehtab Salmasi S (2018) Changes in essential oil-content and composition of ajowan (Carum copticum L.) seeds in response to growth regulators under water stress. Sci Hortic 231:219–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2017.12.011
Gholami Zali A, Ehsanzadeh P, Szumny A, Matkowski A (2018) Genotype-specific response of Foeniculum vulgare grain yield and essential oil composition to proline treatment under different irrigation conditions. Ind Crops Prod 124:177–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.07.067
González-Villagra J, Rodrigues-Salvadorb A, Nunes-Nesib A, Cohenc JD, Reyes-Díaz MM (2018) Age-related mechanism and its relationship with secondary metabolism and abscisic acid in Aristotelia chilensis plants subjected to drought stress. Plant Physiol Biochem 124:136–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.01.010
Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar K, Fujita M (2013) Plant response to salt stress and role of exogenous protectants to mitigate salt-induced damages. In Ahmad P, et al. (eds) Ecophysiology and responses of plants under salt stress. Springer, New York
Helaly MN, Farouk S, Arafasally A, Amhimmid Naema BIA (2018) Inducing salinity tolerance of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) plants by chitosan or zeolite application. Asian J Adv Agric Res 5(4):1–20. https://doi.org/10.9734/AJAAR/2018/40051
Ismail M (2006) Central properties and chemical composition of Ocimum basilicum essential oil. Pharm Biol 44:619–626
Jalil Sheshbahreh M, Dehnavi MM, Salehi A, Bahreininejad B (2019) Effect of irrigation regimes and nitrogen sources on biomass production, water and nitrogen use efficiency and nutrients uptake in coneflower (Echinacea purpurea L.). Agric Water Manage 213:358–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.10.011
Juliani HR, Simon JE (2002) Antioxidant activity of basil. In: Janick J, Whipkey A (eds) Trends in new crops and new uses. ASHS Press, Alexandria, pp 575–579
Junejo N, Khanif MY, Dharejo KA, Hamid HA, Abdu A (2012) Evaluation of coated urea for ammonia volatilization loss, nitrogen mineralization and microsite pH in selected soil series. Afr J Biotechnol 11(2):366–378
Kaiser WM, Kaiser G, Schöner S, Neimanis S (1981) Photosynthesis under osmotic stress. Differential recovery of photosynthetic activities of stroma enzymes, intact chloroplasts and leaf slices after exposure to high solute concentrations. Planta 153:430–435
Karimi S, Yadollahi A, Arzani K (2015) Gas-exchange response of almond genotypes to water stress. Photosynthetica 53:29–34
Keshavarz Afshar R, Chaichi MR, Assareh MH, Hashemi M, Liaghat A (2014) Interactive effect of deficit irrigation and soil organic amendments on seed yield and flavonolignan production of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.). Ind Crops Prod 58:166–172
Kirk RE, Othmer DF (1991) Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4th edn. Wiley, New York
Laxa M, Liebthal M, Telman W, Chibani K, Dietz KJ (2019) The role of the plant antioxidant system in drought tolerance. Antioxidants 8:94. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8040094
Liang YC, Hua H, Zhu YG, Zhang J, Cheng C, Romheld V (2006) Importance of plant species and external silicon concentration to active silicon uptake and transport. New Phytol 172:63–72
Lichtenthaler HK, Wellburn AR (1985) Determination of total carotenoids and chlorophylls A and B of leaf in different solvents. Biol Soc Trans 11:591–592
Lister E, Wilson P (2001) Measurement of total phenolics and ABTS assay for antioxidant activity. Crop Research Institute, Lincoln
Liu P, Yin L, Wang S, Zhang M, Deng X, Zhang S, Tanaka K (2015) Enhanced root hydraulic conductance by aquaporin regulation accounts for silicon alleviated salt- induced osmotic stress in Sorghum bicolor L. Environ Exp Bot 111:42–51
Lubbe A, Verpoorte R (2011) Cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants for specialty industrial materials. Ind Crops Prod 34:785–801
Ma JF (2005) Plant root responses to three abundant soil minerals: silicon, aluminum and iron. Crit Rev Plant Sci 24:267–281
Macri F, Braidot E, Petrusa E, Vianello A (1994) Lipoxygenase activity associated to isolated soybean plasma membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1215:109–114
Markovich O, Steiner E, Kouøil S, Tarkowski P, Aharoni A, Elbaum R (2017) Silicon promotes cytokinin biosynthesis and delays senescence in Arabidopsis and Sorghum. Plant Cell Environ. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.12913
Michalak A (2006) Phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activity in plants growing under heavy metal stress. Polish J Environ Stud 15:523–530
Młodnicki D, Matławska I (2006) Synergizm składników wybranych roślin z syntetycznymi, imidazolowymi lekami przeciwgrzybiczymi. Herba Polonica J 52:86–87
Mohasseli V, Sadeghi S (2019) Exogenously applied sodium nitroprusside improves physiological attributes and essential oil yield of two drought susceptible and resistant specie of Thymus under reduced irrigation. Ind Crops Prod 130:130–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.12.058
Moosavi SM, Moosavi SG, Seghatoleslami MJ (2014) Effect of drought stress and nitrogen levels on growth, fruit and essential oil yield of fennel (Foenicolum vulgare Mill). Iranian J Med Aroma Plants 30(3):453–462
Motsara MR, Roy RN (2008) Guid to laboratory establishment for plant nutrient analysis. FAO Fertilizer and Plant Nutrition Bulletin, Rome
Mukherjee SP, Choudhuri MA (1983) Implications of water stress-induced changes in the levels of endogenous ascorbic acid and hydrogen peroxide in Vigna seedlings. Physiol Plant 58:166–170
Ozbahce A, Fuat Tari A, Gonulal E, Simsekli N (2018) Zeolite for enhancing yield and quality of potatoes cultivated under water-deficit conditions. Potato Res 61:247–259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11540-018-9372-5
Özek T, Tabanca N, Demirci F, Wedge DE, Başer KHC (2010) Enantiomeric distribution of some linalool containing essential oils and their biological activities. Rec Nat Prod 4:180–192
Paquin R, Mehuys GR (1980) Influence of soil moisture on cold tolerance of alfalfa. Can J Plant Sci 60:139–147
Pei ZF, Ming DF, Liu D, Wan GL, Geng XX, Gong HJ, Zhou WJ (2010) Silicon improves the tolerance of water-deficit stress induced by polyethylene glycol in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings. J Plant Growth Regul 29:106–115
Rangwala T, Bafna A, Vyas N, Gupta R (2018) Role of soluble silica in alleviating oxidative stress in soybean crop. Indian J Agric Res 52(1):9–15. https://doi.org/10.18805/IJARe.A-4882
Rejeb KB, Abdelly C, Savouré A (2014) How reactive oxygen species and proline face stress together. Plant Physiol Biochem 80:278–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.04.007
Reuveni M, Reuveni R (1995) Efficacy of foliar application of phosphate in controlling powdery mildew fungus on field grown wine grapes: effects on cluster yield and peroxidase activity in berries. J Phytopathol 143:21–25
Richmond KE, Sussmany M (2003) Got silicon? The non-essential beneficial plant nutrient. Curr Opin Plant Biol 6:268–272
Roman GV (2012) Fitotehnie Plante tehnice, medicinale si aromatice, 1st edn. Editura Universitară, Bucuresti
Sadasivam S, Manickam A (2008) Biochemical Methods, 3rd Eddition. New Age International, India
Sahebi M, Hanafi MM, Akmar ASN, Rafii MY, Azizi P, Tengoua F (2015) Importance of silicon and mechanisms of biosilica formation in plants. Biomed Res Int. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/396010
Sangeetha C, Baskar P (2016) Zeolite and its potential uses in agriculture: a critical review. Agric Rev 37:101–108
Sarani M, Namrudi M, Hashemi SM, Raoofi MM (2014) The effect of drought stress on chlorophyll content, root growth, glucosinolate and proline in crop plants. Int J Farming Allied Sci 3:994–997
Shahbaz AK, Ramzani PMA, Saeed R, Turan V, Iqbal M, Lewińska K, Abbas F, Saqib M, Tauqeer HM, Iqbal M, Fatima M, Rahman M (2019) Effects of biochar and zeolite soil amendments with foliar proline spray-on nickel immobilization, nutritional quality and nickel concentrations in wheat. Ecotox Environ Saf 173:182–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.025
Shao HB, Liang ZS, Shao MA, Wang BC (2005) Changes of some physiological and biochemical indices for soil water deficits among 10 wheat genotypes at seedlings stage. Colloids Surf B 42(2):107–113
Siddique A, Kandpal G, Kumar P (2018) Proline accumulation and its defensive role under diverse stress condition in plants: an overview. J Pure Appl Microbiol 12(3):1655–1659. https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.12.3.73
Simon JE, Morales MR, Phippen WB, Vieira RF, Hao Z (1999) Basil: a source of aroma compounds and a popular culinary and ornamental herb. In: Janick J (ed) Perspectives on new crops and new uses. ASHS Press, Alexandria, pp 499–505
Smirnoff N (2018) Ascorbic acid metabolism and functions: a comparison of plants and mammals. Free Rad Bio Med 122:116–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.033
Tan YW, Unonis MNA, Khairuddin MI, Shaharuddin S, Ng CC (2018) Mechanism in using commercial high efficient zeolite-based greenfeed slow release fertilizers. J Agric Chem Environ 7:1–9. https://doi.org/10.4236/jacen.2018.71001
Tariq A, Masroor AKM, Teixeira da Silva JA, Mohd I, Naeem M (2011) Role of salicylic acid in promoting salt stress tolerance and enhanced artemisinin production in Artemisia annua L. J Plant Growth Reg 30:425–435
Teles Andrade BFM, Barbosa LN, da Silva PI, Fernandes Júnior A (2014) Antimicrobial activity of essential oils. J Essent Oil Res 26:34–40
Teranishi Y, Tanaka A, Osumi M, Fukui S (1974) Catalase activity of hydrocarbon utilizing candida yeast. Agric Biol Chem 38:1213–1216
Vatansever R, Ozyigit II, Filiz E, Gozukara N (2017) Genomewide exploration of silicon (Si) transporter genes, Lsi1 and Lsi2 in plants; insights into Si-accumulation status/capacity of plants. Biometals 30:185–200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-017-9992-2
Vilanova CM, Coelho KP, Araújo Luz TRS, Silveira DB, Coutinho DF, de Moura EG (2018) Effect of different water application rates and nitrogen fertilisation on growth and essential oil of clove basil (Ocimum gratissimum L.). Ind Crops Prod 125:186–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.08.047
Wang Q, Liang X, Dong Y, Xu L, Zhang X, Hou J, Zhen Y (2013) Effects of exogenous nitric oxide on cadmium toxicity, element contents and antioxidative system in perennial ryegrass. Plant Growth Regul 69:11–20
White B, Tubana BS, Babu T, Mascagni H, Agostinho F, Datnoff LE, Harrison S (2017) Effect of silicate slag application on wheat grown under two nitrogen rates. Plants 6:47
Wu Z, Liu S, Zhao J, Wang F, Du Y, Zou S (2017) Comparative responses to silicon and selenium in relation to antioxidant enzyme system and the glutathione-ascorbate cycle in flowering Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. utilis) under cadmiumvstress. Environ Exp Bot 133:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2016.09.005
Zargar SM, Mahajan R, Bhat JA, Nazir M, Deshmukh R (2019) Role of silicon in plant stress tolerance: opportunities to achieve a sustainable cropping system. 3 Biotech 9:73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-019-1613-z
Zhang FJ, Zhang KK, Du CZ, Li J, Xing YX, Yang LT, Li YR (2015) Effect of drought stress on anatomical structure and chloroplast ultrastructure in leaves of sugarcane. Sugar Tech 17(1):41–48
Zheljazkov VD, Cantrell CL, Ebelhar MW, Rowe DE, Coker C (2008) Productivity, oil content, and oil composition of sweet basil as a function of nitrogen and sulphur fertilization. HortScience 43:1415–1422
Zheng J, Chen T, Wu Q, Yu J, Chen W, Chen Y, Siddique KHM, Meng W, Chia D, Xia G (2018) Effect of zeolite application on phenology, grain yield and grain quality in rice under water stress. Agric Water Manage 206:241–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.05.008
Zlatev ZS, Lidon FC, Ramalho JC, Yordanov IT (2006) Comparison of resistance to drought of three bean cultivars. Biol Plant 50:389–394
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
There is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Farouk, S., Omar, M.M. Sweet Basil Growth, Physiological and Ultrastructural Modification, and Oxidative Defense System Under Water Deficit and Silicon Forms Treatment. J Plant Growth Regul 39, 1307–1331 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-020-10071-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-020-10071-x