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The Influence of Light Wavelength on Growth and Antioxidant Capacity in Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban

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A Correction to this article was published on 13 August 2019

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Abstract

Pachyrhizus erosus is a plant that is traditionally used in Asia as a food and herbal medicine. This study examined the impact of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), light-emitting plasma (LEP), and fluorescent lamps (FLs) on the growth, antioxidant properties, and phenolic metabolites of P. erosus. Phenolic compound concentration and composition were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS) system. Radical scavenging activity was measured using stable radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. P. erosus antioxidant activity and phenolic compound composition were improved by the application of LEDs and LEP. Blue LED light also produced significantly higher DPPH radical scavenging activity and ABTS values than the other LED and fluorescent light treatments. In P. erosus seedlings, dry weight, fresh weight, plant height, leaf area, and chlorophyll content were greater under blue LED than under FL light. Furthermore, growth under the blue LED enhanced the epidermal cell length, epidermal cell width, and number of stomata. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic and total flavonoid contents positively correlated in the P. erosus grown under blue LED light condition. Among LED treatments, blue LED produced higher total phenolic compounds, dominated by malonyl daidzin and l-phenylalanine. DPPH assay was highly and significantly correlated with vitexin, salicylic acid, p-coumaric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, l-phenylalanine, daidzein, and daidzin. The present study demonstrated that changes in the growth pattern, antioxidant activity, composition, and metabolite concentration occurred in response to light of different wavelengths in P. erosus seedlings. Thus, LED exposure has the potential to enhance the growth characteristics, metabolite accumulation, and antioxidant properties of P. erosus.

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Change history

  • 13 August 2019

    The original version of this article unfortunately contained an error in Acknowledgement. The authors would like to correct the error with this erratum. The correct sentence should read as: This paper was supported by the KU Research Professor Program of Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea.

Abbreviations

ABTS:

2,2-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)

BHT:

Butylated hydroxy toluene

DPPH:

1,1-Diphenyl–2-picrylhydrazyl

ESI:

Electrospray ionization

LC–MS/MS:

Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

LED:

Light-emitting diode

LEP:

Light-emitting plasma

MRM:

Multiple reaction monitoring

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

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Acknowledgments

Authors express their gratitude to the Brian Pool for supporting this work.

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  1. Department of Applied Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05025, Korea

    Ill Min Chung, Seung-Hyun Kim & Bimal Kumar Ghimire

  2. Bioherb Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Korea

    Niroj Paudel & Chang Yeon Yu

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  1. Ill Min Chung
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  2. Niroj Paudel
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Fig.

 1. Spectral distribution of light in growth chamber. (a) FL (b) LEP (c) white LED (d) green LED (e) red LED (f) blue LED. Fig. 2. Multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM) ion chromatogram of the selected 56 phenolic compound standards. 1. 5-sulfosalicylic acid; 2. gallic acid; 3. l-phenylalanine; 4. homogentisic acid; 5. protocatechuic acid; 6. chlorogenic acid; 7. catechin; 8. daidzin; 9. glycitin; 10. orientin; 11. rutin; 12. p-hydroxybenzoic acid; 13. caffeic acid; 14. vitexin; 15. vanillic acid; 16. gentisic acid; 17. polydatin; 18. malonyldaidzin; 19. naringin; 20. genistin; 21. β-resorcylic acid; 22. acetyldaidzin; 23. p-coumaric acid; 24. ferulic acid; 25. m-coumaric acid; 26. veratric acid; 27. myricetin; 28. acetylgenistin; 29. daidzein; 30. glycitein; 31. luteolin; 32. quercetin; 33. salicylic acid; 34. apigenin; 35. naringenin; 36. genistein; 37. kaempferol; 38. hesperetin; 39. formononetin; 40. biochanin A. Fig. 3. Representative MRM ion chromatogram of phenolic compounds from blue LED light-treated P. erosus. Extract ion chromatograms of individual phenolic metabolites with small peaks are given in rectangular boxes with their retention time. Fig. 4. Representative MRM ion chromatogram of phenolic compounds from FL-treated P. erosus. Extract ion chromatograms of individual phenolic metabolites with small peaks are given in rectangular boxes with their retention times. (PPTX 2365 kb)

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Chung, I.M., Paudel, N., Kim, SH. et al. The Influence of Light Wavelength on Growth and Antioxidant Capacity in Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban. J Plant Growth Regul 39, 296–312 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-019-09982-1

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