Abstract
Accurate measurements of upwelling irradiance just beneath the ocean surface, Eu(λ, 0−), can be used to calculate ocean optical parameters, and further develop retrieval algorithms for remotely sensing water component concentrations. Due to the effects of sea surface waves, perturbation from instrument platform (ship), and instrument self-shading, Eu(λ, 0−) is often difficult to be accurately measured. This study presents a procedure for extrapolating the Eu(λ, 0−) from the in-water radiometric profile measurements. Using the optical profile data from 13 bands (ranging from 381 to 779 nm) measured by 45 casts in the Ligurian Sea during 2003–2009, the Eu(λ, 0−) was extrapolated from in-water upwelling irradiance measurements between the initial shallow depth, Z0, and an optimal bottom depth, Z1, by three linear models (linear, 2-degree polynomial, and exponential) and two nonlinear models (LOESS and spline). The accumulated errors of extrapolated Eu(λ, 0−) at each wavelength for the five models were calculated. It was found that the optimal Z1 depth for the linear and exponential models was at the depth of 80% of Eu(λ, Z0), 50% of Eu(λ, Z0) for the 2-degree polynomial model, 40% of Eu(λ, Z0) for the LOESS model, and 15% of Eu(λ, Z0) for the spline model. The extrapolated Eu(λ, 0−) derived from the five models was in good agreement with the calculated true Eu(λ, 0−). In all bands, the 2-degree polynomial model achieved the highest accuracy, followed by the LOESS model. In the short band of 381–559 nm, the linear and exponential models had the third-best performance, and the spline model performed worst within this range. For the red band of 619–779 nm, the accuracies of the exponential and spline models had the third highest performance, and the linear model produced lowest accuracy. Hence, the 2-degree polynomial model was an optimal procedure for extrapolation of Eu(λ, 0−) from the in-water radiometric profile measurements.
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Data Availability Statement
The datasets generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgment
This work was partly done in Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, CNRS-Université Pierre et Marie Curie, France. The author is very grateful to Prof. David Antoine for his support and help and the data were acquired from his BOUSSOLE project. Special thanks to Dr. Kirsten Noltie in Queen’s University for polishing English of this manuscript.
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Supported by the Marine Special Program of Jiangsu Province in China (No. JSZRHYKJ202007) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40801145)
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Gong, S. Extrapolation of upwelling irradiance just beneath the ocean surface from the in-water radiometric profile measurements. J. Ocean. Limnol. 41, 1694–1705 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-022-2201-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-022-2201-3