Abstract
Blooms of Phaeocystis globosa have been frequently reported in Chinese coastal waters, causing serious damage to marine ecosystems. To better understand the ecological characteristics of P. globosa in Chinese coastal waters that facilitate its rapid expansion, the effects of temperature, salinity and irradiance on the growth of P. globosa from the South China Sea were examined in the laboratory. The saturating irradiance for the growth of P. globosa (I s) was 60 μmol/(m2∙s), which was lower than those of other harmful algal species (70–114 μmol/(m2∙s)). A moderate growth rate of 0.22/d was observed at 2 μmol/(m2∙s) (the minimum irradiance in the experiment), and photo-inhibition did not occur at 230 μmol/(m2∙s) (the maximum irradiance in the experiment). Exposed to 42 different combinations of temperatures (10–31°C) and salinities (10–40) under saturating irradiance, P. globosa exhibited its maximum specific growth rate of 0.80/d at the combinations of 24°C and 35, and 27°C and 40. The optimum growth rates (>0.80/d) were observed at temperatures ranging from 24 to 27°C and salinities from 35 to 40. While P. globosa was able to grow well at temperatures from 20°C to 31°C and salinities from 20 to 40, it could not grow at temperatures lower than 15°C or salinities lower than 15. Factorial analysis revealed that temperature and salinity has similar influences on the growth of this species. This strain of P. globosa not only prefers higher temperatures and higher salinity, but also possesses a flexible nutrient competing strategy, adapted to lower irradiance. Therefore, the P. globosa population from South China Sea should belong to a new ecotype. There is also a potentially high risk of blooms developing in this area throughout the year.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Al-Hasan R H, Ali A M, Radwan S S. 1990. Lipids, and their constituent fatty acids, of Phaeocystis sp. from the Arabian Gulf. Mar. Biol., 105 (1): 9–14.
Anderson D M, Glibert P M, Burkholder J M. 2002. Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication: nutrient sources, composition, and consequences. Estuaries, 25 (4): 04–726.
Camacho R A, Martin J L, Watson B, Paul M, Zheng L, Stribling J B. 2015. Modeling the factors controlling phytoplankton in the St. Louis Bay estuary, Mississippi and evaluating estuarine responses to nutrient load modifications. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 141 (3), http://dx.doi.org/10. 1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000892.
Carstensen J, Henriksen P, Heiskanen A S. 2007. Summer algal blooms in shallow estuaries: definition, mechanisms, and link to eutrophication. Limnology and Ocean ography, 5 2 (1): 70–384.
Chang F H, Vincent W F, Woods P H. 1992. Nitrogen utilization by size-fractionated phytoplankton assemblages associated with an upwelling event off Westland, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 26 (3-4): 287–301.
Chen J F, Xu N, Jiang T J, Wang Y, Wang Z H, Qi Y Z. 1999. A report of Phaeocystis globosa bloom in coastal water of Southeast China. Journal of Ji’nan University (Natural Science & Medicine Edition ), 20 (3): 24–129. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Chen L F, Zhang Q, Luo Y M, Han B P. 2003. Molecular identification of the Hong Kong strain P 2 of Ph o eocystis as Phaeocystis globosa. Ecologic Science, 22 (4): 49–350. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Chen Y Q, Wang N, Zhang P, Zhou H, Qu L H. 2002. Molecular evidence identifies bloom-forming Phaeocystis (Prymnesiophyta) from coastal waters of southeast China as Phaeocystis globosa. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 30 (1): 5–22.
Domingues R B, Anselmo T P, Barbosa A B, Sommer U, Galvão H M. 2011. Light as a driver of phytoplankton growth and production in the freshwater tidal zone of a turbid estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 91 (4): 26–535.
Ellegaard M, Christensen N F, Meostrup A. 1993. Temperature and salinity effects on growth of a non-chain-forming strain of Fymnodinium catenatum (Dinoohyceae) established from a cyst from recent sediments in the Sound (resund), Denmark. J. Phycol., 29 (4): 18–426.
El-Sayed S Z, Biggs D C, Holm-Hansen O. 1983. Phytoplankton standing crop, primary productivity, and near-surface nitrogenous nutrient fields in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Deep Sea Res earch Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers, 30 (8): 71–886.
Fu F X, Tatters A O, Hutchins D A. 2012. Global change and the future of harmful algal blooms in the ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 470: 07–233.
Garrison D L, Buck K R, Fryxell G A. 1987. Algal assemblages in Antarctic pack ice and in ice-edge plankton. J. Phycol., 23 (4): 64–572.
Grimm N, Weisse T. 1985. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit des Wachstums von Phaeocystis pouchetii (Haptophyceae) in Batchkulturen. Helgol ä nder Meeresuntersuchungen, 39 (2): 01–211.
Guillard R R L. 1973. Division rates. In: Stein J R ed. Handbook of Phycological Methods. Culture Methods and Growth Measurements. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. p.289–311.
Guillard R R L. 1975. Culture of phytoplankton for feeding marine invertebrates. In: Smith W L, Chanley M H eds. Cultures of Marine Invertebrate Animals. Plenum Press, New York. p.29–60.
Harris G P, Lott J N A. 1973. Light intensity and photosynthetic rates in phytoplankton. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 30 (12): 771–1778.
Harrison P J, Waters R E, Taylor F J R. 1980. A broad spectrum artificial sea water medium for coastal and open ocean phytoplankton 1. Journal of Phycology, 16 (1): 8–35.
He J W, Shi Z X, Zhang Y H, Liu Y D, Jiang T J, Yin Y W, Qi Y Z. 1999. Morphological characteristics and toxins of Phaeocystis cf. pouchetii (prymnesiophyceae). Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 30 (2): 72–179. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Heisler J, Glibert P M, Burkholder J M, Anderson D M, Cochlan W, Dennison W C, Dortch Q, Gobler C J, Heil C A, Humphries E, Lewitus A, Magnien R, Marshallm H G, Sellner K, Stockwell D A, Stoecker D K, Suddleson M. 2008. Eutrophication and harmful algal blooms: a scientific consensus. Harmful A lgae, 8 (1): 3–13.
Howarth R, Chan F, Conley D J, Garnier J, Doney S C, Marino R, Billen G. 2011. Coupled biogeochemical cycles: eutrophication and hypoxia in temperate estuaries and coastal marine ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 9 (1): 8–26.
Hu Z X, Xu N, Duan S S, Li A, Zhang C W. 2010. Effects of urea on the growth of Phaeocystis globosa, Scrippsiella trochoidea, Skeletonema costatum. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 30 (6): 265–1270. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Jahnke J, Baumann M E M. 1987. Differentiation between Phaeocystis pouchetii (Har.) Lagerheim and Phaeocystis globosa Scherffel I. Colony shapes and temperature tolerance. Hydrobiol. Bull., 21 (2): 41–147.
Jahnke J. 1989. The light and temperature dependence of growth rate and elemental composition of Phaeocystis globosa scherffel and 1 (Har.) Lagerh. in batch cultures. Neth. J. Sea Res., 23 (1): 5–21.
Kim D I, Matsuyama Y, Nagasoe S, Yamaguchi M, Yoon Y H, Oshima Y, Imada N, Honjo T. 2004. Effects of temperature, salinity and irradiance on the growth of the harmful red tide dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykri koides Margalef (Dinophyceae). J. Plankton. Res., 26 (1): 1–66.
Lancelot C, Billen G, Sournia A, Weisse T, Colijn F, Veldhuis M J W, Davies A, Wassmann P. 1987. Phaeocystis blooms and nutrient enrichment in the continental coastal zones of the North Sea. Ambio, 16 (1): 8–46.
Lancelot C, Veth C, Mthot S. 1991. Modelling ice-edge phytoplankton bloom in the Scotia-Weddell sea sector of the Southern Ocean during spring 1988. Journal of Marine Systems, 2 (3-4): 333–346.
Lederman T C, Tett P. 1981. Problems in modelling the photosynthesis-light relationship for phytoplankton. Bot. Mar., 24 (3): 25–134.
Liu J S, van Rijssel M, Yang W D, Peng X C, Lu S H, Wang Y, Chen J F, Wang Z H, Qi Y Z. 2010. Negative effects of Phaeocystis globosa on microalgae. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 28 (4): 11–916.
Matsubara T, Nagasoe S, Yamasaki Y, Shikata T, Shimasaki Y, Oshima Y, Honjo T. 2007. effects of temperature, salinity, and irradiance on the growth of the dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 342 (2): 26–230.
Medlin L K, Lange M, Baumann M E M. 1994. Genetic differentiation among three colony-forming species of Phaeocystis: further evidence for the phylogeny of the Prymnesiophyta. Phycologia, 33 (3): 99–212.
Nagasoe S, Kim D I, Shimasaki Y, Oshima Y, Yamaguchi M, Honjo T. 2006. Effects of temperature, salinity and irradiance on the growth of the red tide dinoflagellate Gyrodinium instriatum Freudenthal et Lee. Harmful Algae, 5 (1): 0–25.
Nixon S W. 1995. Coastal marine eutrophication: a definition, social causes, and future concerns. Ophelia, 41 (1): 99–219.
Paerl H W. 1997. Coastal eutrophication and harmful algal blooms: importance of atmospheric deposition and groundwater as ‘new’ nitrogen and other nutrient sources. Limnology and Oceanography, 42 (5 Part 2): 1154–1165.
Palmisano A C, Sullivan C W. 1985. Pathways of photosynthetic carbon assimilation in sea-ice microalgae from McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Limnology and Oceanography, 30 (3): 74–678.
Qi Y Z, Chen J F, Wang Z H, Xu N, Wang Y, Shen P P, Lu S H, Hodgkiss I J. 2004. Some observations on harmful algal bloom (HAB) events along the coast of Guangdong, southern China in 1998. Hydrobiologia, 512 (1-3): 209–214.
Riegman R, Van Boekel W. 1996. The ecophysiology of Phaeocystis globosa: a review. Journal of Sea Research, 35 (4): 35–242.
Schoemann V, Becquevort S, Stefels J, Rousseau V, Lancelot C. 2005. Phaeocystis blooms in the global ocean and their controlling mechanisms: a review. J. Sea Res., 53 (1): 3–66.
Shen P P, Wang Y, Qi Y Z, Xie L C, Lü S H, Hodgkiss I J. 2000. Growth characteristics and life cycle of Phaeocystis globosa Scherffel. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 24 (6): 35–643. (in Chinese with English abstract)
SooHoo J B, Palmisano A C, Kottmeier S T, Lizotte M P, SooHoo S L, Sullivan C W. 1987. Spectral light absorption and quantum yield of photosynthesis in sea ice microalgae and a bloom of Phaeocystis pouchetii from McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 39: 75–189.
Sunda W G, Graneli E, Gobler C J. 2006. Positive feedback and the development and persistence of ecosystem disruptive algal blooms. Journal of P hycology, 42 (5): 63–974.
Wang N, Chen Y Q, Qu L H, Li T H, Qi Y Z. 2000. Analysis of 18S rDNA gene from a “red tide” related Phaeocystis species in South China Sea. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni, 39 (1): 27–128. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang Y, Qi Y Z, Li S S. 2007. Nutritional requirements for the growth of Phaeocystis globosa Scherffel. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 31 (1): 4–29. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Xu N, Duan S S, Li A F, Zhang C W, Cai Z P, Hu Z X. 2010. effects of temperature, salinity and irradiance on the growth of the harmful dinoflagellate Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu. Harmful A lgae, 9 (1): 3–17.
Xu N, Qi Y Z, Chen J F, Huang W J, Lu S H, Wang Y. 2003. Analysis on the cause of Phaeocystis globosa Scherffel red tide. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 23 (1): 13–118. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Yamaguchi M, Honjo T. 1989. effects of temperature, salinity and irradiance on the growth of the noxious red tide flagellate Gymnodinium nagasakiense (Dinophyceae). Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 55 (11): 029–2036. (in Japanese with English abstract)
Yamaguchi M, Imai I, Honjo T. 1991. Effects of temperature, salinity and irradiance on the growth rates of the noxious red tide flagellates Chattonella antiqu a and C. marina (Rhaphidophyceae). Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 57 (7): 277–1284. (in Japanese with English abstract)
Yamaguchi M, Shigeru I, Nagasaki K, Matsuyama Y, Uchida T, Imai I. 1997. effects of temperature and salinity on the growth of the red tide flagellates Heterocapsa circularisquama (Dinophyceae) and Chattonella verruculosa (Raphidophyceae). J. Plankton Res., 19 (8): 167–1174.
Yamamoto T, Tarutani K. 1997. effect of temperature, salinity and irradiance on the growth of toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense isolated from Hiroshima Bay, Japan. Jpn. J. Phycol. (Sorui), 45: 5–101. (in Japanese with English abstract)
Zhou M J, Yan T, Zou J Z. 2003. Preliminary analysis of the characteristics of red tide areas in Changjiang River estuary and its adjacent sea. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 14 (7): 031–1038. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Nos. 41576159, U1133003) and the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (No. 2013AA065805)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Xu, N., Huang, B., Hu, Z. et al. Effects of temperature, salinity, and irradiance on the growth of harmful algal bloom species Phaeocystis globosa Scherffel (Prymnesiophyceae) isolated from the South China Sea. Chin. J. Ocean. Limnol. 35, 557–565 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-017-5352-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-017-5352-x