Abstract
The dynamics of rotational wave packets of laser-aligned linear molecules were studied with femtosecond laser-driven strong-field ionization (SFI). The dynamics were observed as a function of the delay between a femtosecond probe pulse and a linearly polarized aligning pump pulse. The induced nonadiabatic molecular alignment was directly monitored by the total SFI yield. The measured revival signatures were compared to the calculated degree of molecular alignment taking into account the effects of electronic structure and symmetry of the molecules. By fitting the calculated alignment parameter to the measured experimental data, we also determined the molecular rotational constants of N2, CO, O2, and C2H2 gas molecules.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
N. Xu, J. Li, J. Li, Z. Zhang, Q. Fan, in Lasers: Applications in Science and Industry, ed. K. Jakubczak (InTech, 2011)
T. Seideman, J. Chem. Phys. 103, 7887 (1995)
J. Ortigoso, M. Rodrı́guez, M. Gupta, B. Friedrich, J. Chem. Phys. 110, 3870 (1999)
I.S. Averbukh, N.F. Perelman, Phys. Lett. A. 139, 449 (1989)
R.W. Robinett, Phys. Rep. 392, 1 (2004)
G.H. Lee, H.T. Kim, J.Y. Park, C.H. Nam, T.K. Kim, J.H. Lee, H. Ihee, J. Korean Phys. Soc. 49, 337 (2006)
N.E. Henriksen, Chem. Phys. Lett. 312, 196 (1999)
T. Seideman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 4971 (1999)
F. Rosca-Pruna, M.J.J. Vrakking, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 153902 (2001)
H. Stapelfeldt, T. Seideman, Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 543 (2003)
T. Seideman, E. Hamilton, in Advances in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, ed. by P.R. Berman, C.C. Lin (Academic Press, New York, 2005), p. 289
S. Henrik, Phys. Scr. 2004, 132 (2004)
S. Fleischer, I.S. Averbukh, Y. Prior, Phys. Rev. A. 74, 041403 (2006)
J. Itatani, J. Levesque, D. Zeidler, H. Niikura, H. Pepin, J.C. Kieffer, P.B. Corkum, D.M. Villeneuve, Nature 432, 867 (2004)
R.J. Gordon, L. Zhu, W.A. Schroeder, T. Seideman, J. Appl. Phys. 94, 669 (2003)
R.A. Bartels, T.C. Weinacht, N. Wagner, M. Baertschy, C.H. Greene, M.M. Murnane, H.C. Kapteyn, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 013903 (2001)
K.F. Lee, D.M. Villeneuve, P.B. Corkum, E.A. Shapiro, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 233601 (2004)
A.H. Zewail, J. Phys. Chem. A 104, 5660 (2000)
V. Loriot, E. Hertz, B. Lavorel, O. Faucher, J. Phys. B. 41, 015604 (2008)
D. Pavičić, K.F. Lee, D.M. Rayner, P.B. Corkum, D.M. Villeneuve, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 243001 (2007)
I.V. Litvinyuk, K.F. Lee, P.W. Dooley, D.M. Rayner, D.M. Villeneuve, P.B. Corkum, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 233003 (2003)
E. Péronne, M.D. Poulsen, C.Z. Bisgaard, H. Stapelfeldt, T. Seideman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 043003 (2003)
M. Kenzo, S. Takayuki, N. Didier, J. Phys. B. 37, 753 (2004)
I. Nevo, L. Holmegaard, J.H. Nielsen, J.L. Hansen, H. Stapelfeldt, F. Filsinger, G. Meijer, J. Kupper, PCCP 11, 9912 (2009)
P.W. Dooley, I.V. Litvinyuk, K.F. Lee, D.M. Rayner, M. Spanner, D.M. Villeneuve, P.B. Corkum, Phys. Rev. A 68, 023406 (2003)
R. Velotta, N. Hay, M.B. Mason, M. Castillejo, J.P. Marangos, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 183901 (2001)
T. Kanai, S. Minemoto, H. Sakai, Nature 435, 470 (2005)
C. Vozzi, F. Calegari, E. Benedetti, J.P. Caumes, G. Sansone, S. Stagira, M. Nisoli, R. Torres, E. Heesel, N. Kajumba, J.P. Marangos, C. Altucci, R. Velotta, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 153902 (2005)
C.B. Madsen, A.S. Mouritzen, T.K. Kjeldsen, L.B. Madsen, Phys. Rev. A. 76, 035401 (2007)
J.-F. Ripoche, G. Grillon, B. Prade, M. Franco, E. Nibbering, R. Lange, A. Mysyrowicz, Opt. Commun. 135, 310 (1997)
S. Varma, Y.H. Chen, J.P. Palastro, A.B. Fallahkair, E.W. Rosenthal, T. Antonsen, H.M. Milchberg, Phys. Rev. A. 86, 023850 (2012)
Y. Feng, H. Pan, J. Liu, C. Chen, J. Wu, H. Zeng, Opt. Express 19, 2852 (2011)
F. Calegari, C. Vozzi, S. Gasilov, E. Benedetti, G. Sansone, M. Nisoli, S. De Silvestri, S. Stagira, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 123006 (2008)
J. Wu, H. Cai, Y. Peng, Y. Tong, A. Couairon, H. Zeng, Laser Phys. 19, 1759 (2009)
N. Kaya, G. Kaya, M. Sayrac, Y. Boran, S. Anumula, J. Strohaber, A.A. Kolomenskii, H.A. Schuessler, Opt. Express 24, 2562 (2016)
P.M. Felker, J. Phys. Chem. 96, 7844 (1992)
J.P. Heritage, T.K. Gustafson, C.H. Lin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 34, 1299 (1975)
V. Renard, M. Renard, S. Guérin, Y.T. Pashayan, B. Lavorel, O. Faucher, H.R. Jauslin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 153601 (2003)
A. Rouzée, S. Guérin, O. Faucher, B. Lavorel, Phys. Rev. A 77, 043412 (2008)
P.J. Bustard, R. Lausten, B.J. Sussman, Phys. Rev. A 86, 053419 (2012)
L. Holmegaard, J.H. Nielsen, I. Nevo, H. Stapelfeldt, F. Filsinger, J. Küpper, G. Meijer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 023001 (2009)
L. Holmegaard, J.L. Hansen, L. Kalhoj, S. Louise Kragh, H. Stapelfeldt, F. Filsinger, J. Kupper, G. Meijer, D. Dimitrovski, M. Abu-samha, C.P.J. Martiny, L. Bojer Madsen, Nat. Phys. 6, 428 (2010)
S. De, I. Znakovskaya, D. Ray, F. Anis, N.G. Johnson, I.A. Bocharova, M. Magrakvelidze, B.D. Esry, C.L. Cocke, I.V. Litvinyuk, M.F. Kling, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 153002 (2009)
J. Mikosch, C.Z. Bisgaard, A.E. Boguslavskiy, I. Wilkinson, A. Stolow, J. Chem. Phys. 139, 024304 (2013)
A.E. Boguslavskiy, J. Mikosch, A. Gijsbertsen, M. Spanner, S. Patchkovskii, N. Gador, M.J.J. Vrakking, A. Stolow, Science 335, 1336 (2012)
J. Mikosch, A.E. Boguslavskiy, I. Wilkinson, M. Spanner, S. Patchkovskii, A. Stolow, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 023004 (2013)
C. Schröter, K. Kosma, T. Schultz, Science 333, 1011 (2011)
M. Machholm, N.E. Henriksen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 193001 (2001)
E. Péronne, M.D. Poulsen, H. Stapelfeldt, C.Z. Bisgaard, E. Hamilton, T. Seideman, Phys. Rev. A 70, 063410 (2004)
O. Ghafur, A. Rouzee, A. Gijsbertsen, W.K. Siu, S. Stolte, M.J.J. Vrakking, Nat. Phys. 5, 289 (2009)
F. Filsinger, J. Küpper, G. Meijer, L. Holmegaard, J.H. Nielsen, I. Nevo, J.L. Hansen, H. Stapelfeldt, J. Chem. Phys. 131, 064309 (2009)
J.H. Nielsen, P. Simesen, C.Z. Bisgaard, H. Stapelfeldt, F. Filsinger, B. Friedrich, G. Meijer, J. Kupper, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13, 18971 (2011)
B.K. McFarland, J.P. Farrell, P.H. Bucksbaum, M. Gühr, Science 322, 1232 (2008)
O. Smirnova, Y. Mairesse, S. Patchkovskii, N. Dudovich, D. Villeneuve, P. Corkum, M.Y. Ivanov, Nature 460, 972 (2009)
D. Pinkham, R.R. Jones, Phys. Rev. A 72, 023418 (2005)
X. Xie, K. Doblhoff-Dier, H. Xu, S. Roither, M.S. Schöffler, D. Kartashov, S. Erattupuzha, T. Rathje, G.G. Paulus, K. Yamanouchi, A. Baltuška, S. Gräfe, M. Kitzler, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 163003 (2014)
N.A. Hart, J. Strohaber, G. Kaya, N. Kaya, A.A. Kolomenskii, H.A. Schuessler, Phys. Rev. A 89, 053414 (2014)
D. Comtois, D. Zeidler, H. Pépin, J.C. Kieffer, D.M. Villeneuve, P.B. Corkum, J. Phys. B At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 38, 1923 (2005)
A. Rudenko, K. Zrost, E. Th, A.B. Voitkiv, B. Najjari, V.L.B.D. Jesus, B. Feuerstein, C.D. Schröter, R. Moshammer, J. Ullrich, J. Phys. B At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 38, L191 (2005)
P. Colosimo, G. Doumy, C.I. Blaga, J. Wheeler, C. Hauri, F. Catoire, J. Tate, R. Chirla, A.M. March, G.G. Paulus, H.G. Muller, P. Agostini, L.F. DiMauro, Nat. Phys. 4, 386 (2008)
G.G. Paulus, W. Nicklich, H. Xu, P. Lambropoulos, H. Walther, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 2851 (1994)
T. Seideman, J. Chem. Phys. 107, 10420 (1997)
J.D. Graybeal, Molecular Spectroscopy (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1988)
S.M. Purcell, P.F. Barker, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 153001 (2009)
F.H.M. Faisal, A. Abdurrouf, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 123005 (2008)
P.F. Bernath, P.F. Bernath, Spectra of Atoms and Molecules (Oxford University Press, New York, 1995)
S. Fleischer, Y. Khodorkovsky, E. Gershnabel, Y. Prior, I.S. Averbukh, Isr. J. Chem. 52, 414 (2012)
B.H. Bransden, C.J. Joachain, Physics of Atoms and Molecules (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 2003)
D.A. McQuarrie, J.D. Simon, Physical Chemistry: A Molecular Approach (University Science Books, Sausalito, 1997)
H. Zeng, P. Lu, J. Liu, W. Li, in Progress in Ultrafast Intense Laser Science VIII, ed. by K. Yamanouchi, M. Nisoli, T.W. Hill (Springer, Berlin, 2012), p. 47
M. Leibscher, I.S. Averbukh, H. Rabitz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 213001 (2003)
J. Floß, I.S. Averbukh, J. Phys. Chem. A 120, 3206 (2016)
Y. Khodorkovsky, K. Kitano, H. Hasegawa, Y. Ohshima, I.S. Averbukh, Phys. Rev. A 83, 023423 (2011)
J.-M. Hartmann, C. Boulet, J. Chem. Phys. 136, 184302 (2012)
J.J. Larsen, K. Hald, N. Bjerre, H. Stapelfeldt, T. Seideman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2470 (2000)
J.G. Underwood, B.J. Sussman, A. Stolow, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 143002 (2005)
W.M.L.D.R. Haynes, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: A Ready-Reference Book of Chemical and Physical Data (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2011)
J. Bendtsen, J. Raman Spectrosc. 2, 133 (1974)
P. Atkins, J. de Paula, R. Friedman, Quanta, Matter, and Change: A Molecular Approach to Physical Chemistry (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009)
X.M. Tong, Z.X. Zhao, C.D. Lin, Phys. Rev. A 66, 033402 (2002)
F.H.M. Faisal, A. Abdurrouf, K. Miyazaki, G. Miyaji, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 143001 (2007)
K. Miyazaki, M. Kaku, G. Miyaji, A. Abdurrouf, F.H.M. Faisal, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 243903 (2005)
R.B. Philip, J. Per, Molecular Symmetry and Spectroscopy, 2nd edn. (NRC Research Press, Ottawa, 2006)
W.H. Fletcher, J.S. Rayside, J. Raman Spectrosc. 2, 3 (1974)
H. Li, W. Li, Y. Feng, J. Liu, H. Pan, H. Zeng, Phys. Rev. A 85, 052515 (2012)
J. Itatani, D. Zeidler, J. Levesque, M. Spanner, D.M. Villeneuve, P.B. Corkum, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 123902 (2005)
M. Herman, A. Campargue, M.I. El Idrissi, Auwera J. Vander, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 32, 921 (2003)
R. Torres, N. Kajumba, J.G. Underwood, J.S. Robinson, S. Baker, J.W.G. Tisch, R. de Nalda, W.A. Bryan, R. Velotta, C. Altucci, I.C.E. Turcu, J.P. Marangos, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 203007 (2007)
M. Spanner, S. Patchkovskii, Chem. Phys. 414, 10 (2013)
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Robert A. Welch Foundation Grant No. A1546, and the Qatar Foundation under the Grant NPRP 6-465-1-091.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This article is part of the topical collection “Enlightening the World with the Laser” - Honoring T. W. Hänsch guest edited by Tilman Esslinger, Nathalie Picqué, and Thomas Udem.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kaya, G., Kaya, N., Strohaber, J. et al. Nonadiabatic molecular alignment of linear molecules probed by strong-field ionization yields of photoelectrons. Appl. Phys. B 122, 288 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-016-6562-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-016-6562-1