Abstract
We report on an analysis of optical surface-scattering losses in vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting lasers. In this study, a laser chip with enhanced surface roughness compared with a high-quality chip is employed in order to allow for investigation of a scattering loss component described in theoretical considerations. A simple model for the extraction of the laser chip’s thermal resistance from experimental input–output characteristics based on thermal roll-over is expanded with respect to a non-thermal component of losses. Thereby, we demonstrate good agreement of experimental data with theoretical modeling when taking into account a power loss component proportional to an optical surface-scattering-loss coefficient in relation to photon out-coupling rates.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M. Kuznetsov, F. Hakimi, R. Sprague, A. Mooradian, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 9, 1063 (1997)
U. Keller, Appl. Phys. B 100, 15 (2010)
S. Calvez, J.E. Hastie, M. Guin, O.G. Okhotnikov, M.D. Dawson, Laser Photon. Rev. 3, 407 (2009)
X. Zeng, D.L. Boiko, G. Cosendey, M. Glauser, J.-F. Carlin, N. Grandjean, Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 141120 (2012)
S. Ranta, M. Tavast, T. Leinonen, N. Van Lieu, G. Fetzer, M. Guina, Electron. Lett. 49, 59 (2013)
K.G. Wilcox, A.C. Tropper, H.E. Beere, D.A. Ritchie, B. Kunert, B. Heinen, W. Stolz, Opt. Express 21, 1599 (2013)
M. Scheller, J.M. Yarborough, J.V. Moloney, M. Fallahi, M. Koch, S.W. Koch, Opt. Express 18, 27112 (2010)
M. Gaafar, C. Möller, M. Wichmann, B. Heinen, B. Kunert, A. Rahimi-Iman, W. Stolz, M. Koch. Electron. Lett. 50, 542 (2014)
B. Heinen, T.L. Wang, M. Sparenberg, A. Weber, B. Kunert, J. Hader, S.W. Koch, J.V. Moloney, M. Koch, W. Stolz, Electron. Lett. 48, 516 (2012)
D. Al Nakdali, M.K. Shakfa, M. Gaafar, M. Butkus, K.A. Fedorova, M. Zulonas, M. Wichmann, F. Zhang, B. Heinen, A. Rahimi-Iman, W. Stolz, E.U. Rafailov, M. Koch, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 26, 1561 (2014)
F. Zhang, B. Heinen, M. Wichmann, C. Möller, B. Kunert, A. Rahimi-Iman, W. Stolz, M. Koch, Opt. Express 22, 12817 (2014)
B. Heinen, F. Zhang, M. Sparenberg, B. Kunert, M. Koch, W. Stolz, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 48, 934 (2012)
A.J. Kemp, A.J. Maclean, J.E. Hastie, S.A. Smith, J.-M. Hopkins, S. Calvez, G.J. Valentine, M.D. Dawson, D. Burns, Appl. Phys. B 83, 189 (2006)
A.J. Kemp, J.-M. Hopkins, A.J. Maclean, N. Schulz, M. Rattunde, J. Wagner, D. Burns, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 44, 125 (2008)
J.-P. Perez, A. Laurain, L. Cerutti, I. Sagnes, A. Garnache, Semicond. Sci. Technol. 25, 045021 (2010)
A. Chernikov, J. Herrmann, M. Koch, B. Kunert, W. Stolz, S. Chatterjee, S.W. Koch, T.-L. Wang, Y. Kaneda, J.M. Yarborough, J. Hader, J.V. Moloney, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 99, 1772 (2011)
S.L. Vetter, S. Calvez, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 48, 345 (2012)
J. Hader, T.-L. Wang, J.V. Moloney, B. Heinen, M. Koch, S.W. Koch, B. Kunert, W. Stolz, J. Appl. Phys. 113, 153102 (2013)
N. Terry, M. Walton, R. Bedford, Proc. SPIE 7597, 75972B (2010)
Acknowledgments
Financial support by the German Science Foundation (DFG) through the projects GRK 1782 and SFB 1083 is gratefully acknowledged. The authors would like to thank Christoph Möller for many helpful discussions and for performing scanning electron microscopy measurements.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Al Nakdali, D., Shakfa, M.K., Heinen, B. et al. Analysis of optical scattering losses in vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting lasers. Appl. Phys. B 120, 41–46 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-015-6094-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-015-6094-0