Abstract
Two-photon laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) of ammonia (NH3) with excitation of the C′-X transition at 304.8 nm and fluorescence detection in the 565 nm C′-A band has been investigated, targeting combustion diagnostics. The impact of laser irradiance, temperature, and pressure has been studied, and simulation of NH3-spectra, fitted to experimental data, facilitated interpretation of the results. The LIF-signal showed quadratic dependence on laser irradiance up to 2 GW/cm2. Stimulated emission, resulting in loss of excited molecules, is induced above 10 GW/cm2, i.e., above irradiances attainable for LIF imaging. Maximum LIF-signal was obtained for excitation at the 304.8 nm bandhead; however, lower temperature sensitivity over the range 400–700 K can be obtained probing lines around 304.9 nm. A decrease in fluorescence signal was observed with pressure up to 5 bar absolute and attributed to collisional quenching. A detection limit of 800 ppm, at signal-to-noise ratio 1.5, was identified for single-shot LIF imaging over an area of centimeter scale, whereas for single-point measurements, the technique shows potential for sub-ppm detection. Moreover, high-quality NH3-imaging has been achieved in laminar and turbulent premixed flames. Altogether, two-photon fluorescence provides a useful tool for imaging NH3-detection in combustion diagnostics.
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Acknowledgments
This work has been financed by SSF (Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research), the Swedish Energy Agency through CECOST (Centre for Combustion Science and Technology), Swedish–Chinese collaboration project (Project No. 33305-1), VR (Swedish Research Council), and the European Research Council Advanced Grant DALDECS. Odd Hole thanks for financial support provided by Scania.
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Brackmann, C., Hole, O., Zhou, B. et al. Characterization of ammonia two-photon laser-induced fluorescence for gas-phase diagnostics. Appl. Phys. B 115, 25–33 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-013-5568-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-013-5568-1