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Mechanisms of femtosecond laser nanosurgery of cells and tissues

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Abstract

We review recent advances in laser cell surgery, and investigate the working mechanisms of femtosecond laser nanoprocessing in biomaterials with oscillator pulses of 80-MHz repetition rate and with amplified pulses of 1-kHz repetition rate. Plasma formation in water, the evolution of the temperature distribution, thermoelastic stress generation, and stress-induced bubble formation are numerically simulated for NA=1.3, and the outcome is compared to experimental results. Mechanisms and the spatial resolution of femtosecond laser surgery are then compared to the features of continuous-wave (cw) microbeams. We find that free electrons are produced in a fairly large irradiance range below the optical breakdown threshold, with a deterministic relationship between free-electron density and irradiance. This provides a large ‘tuning range’ for the creation of spatially extremely confined chemical, thermal, and mechanical effects via free-electron generation. Dissection at 80-MHz repetition rate is performed in the low-density plasma regime at pulse energies well below the optical breakdown threshold and only slightly higher than used for nonlinear imaging. It is mediated by free-electron-induced chemical decomposition (bond breaking) in conjunction with multiphoton-induced chemistry, and hardly related to heating or thermoelastic stresses. When the energy is raised, accumulative heating occurs and long-lasting bubbles are produced by tissue dissociation into volatile fragments, which is usually unwanted. By contrast, dissection at 1-kHz repetition rate is performed using more than 10-fold larger pulse energies and relies on thermoelastically induced formation of minute transient cavities with lifetimes <100 ns. Both modes of femtosecond laser nanoprocessing can achieve a 2–3 fold better precision than cell surgery using cw irradiation, and enable manipulation at arbitrary locations.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Biomedizinische Optik, Universität zu Lübeck, Peter-Monnik Weg 4, 23562, Lübeck, Germany

    A. Vogel, J. Noack & G. Hüttman

  2. Institut für Physik, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, 8010, Graz, Austria

    G. Paltauf

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  1. A. Vogel
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  2. J. Noack
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  3. G. Hüttman
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  4. G. Paltauf
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42.62.Be; 72.20.Jv

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Vogel, A., Noack, J., Hüttman, G. et al. Mechanisms of femtosecond laser nanosurgery of cells and tissues. Appl. Phys. B 81, 1015–1047 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-005-2036-6

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