Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Studying the effect of Sn doping on the optoelectronic properties of PbI2 nanosheets/Si heterojunction photodetector prepared by chemical bath deposition

  • Published:
Applied Physics A Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study focuses on the preparation of PbI2 and PbI2:Sn thin films using inexpensive chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. The structural, optical, and electrical properties of the PbI2 film before and after doping with Sn dopant were studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed that the grown PbI2 and Sn-doped PbI2 films are crystalline, exhibiting a hexagonal phase, while peaks corresponding to the SnI4 phase were detected. The energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and elemental mapping results reveal the presence of the Sn dopant. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies confirm that the prepared PbI2 and Sn-doped PbI2 films have a hexagonal structure. The energy gap of the deposited PbI2 film decreases from 2.7 to 2.5 eV after doping with Sn. The room-temperature current–voltage characteristics of PbI2/Si and PbI2:Sn/Si heterojunction photodetectors were measured under dark and illumination conditions. The spectral responsivity, specific detectivity, and external quantum efficiency of the photodetectors were determined before and after doping. The peak response of the PbI2/Si photodetector was found at 550 nm with a responsivity of 0.08 A/W, while the peak response of the PbI2:Sn/Si photodetector was located at 500 nm with a responsivity of 0.29 A/W. The external quantum efficiency of PbI2/Si and PbI2:Sn/Si was 18 and 82%, respectively. The specific detectivity of the photodetector increases from 3.1 × 1011 to 9.2 × 1011 after doping. The energy band diagram of PbI2:Sn/Si under illumination is presented.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author (Raid A. Ismail)) on reasonable request.

References

  1. H.J. Snaith, Present status and future prospects of perovskite photovoltaics. Nat. Mater. 17, 372–376 (2018)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. M.A. Green, A. Ho-Baillie, H.J. Snaith, The emergence of perovskite solar cells. Nat. Photon. 8, 506–514 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. H.J. Snaith, S. Lilliu, The path to perovskite on silicon PV. Scientific Video Protocols 1, 1 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. S.D. Stranks, H.J. Snaith, Metal-halide perovskites for photovoltaic and light-emitting devices. Nat. Nanotechnol. 10, 391–402 (2015)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. B. Zhao, S. Bai, V. Kim, R. Lamboll, R. Shivanna, F. Auras, J.M. Richter, L. Yang, L. Dai, M. Alsari, X.-J. She, L. Liang, J. Zhang, S. Lilliu, P. Gao, H.J. Snaith, J. Wang, N.C. Greenham, R.H. Friend, D. Di, High-efficiency perovskite–polymer bulk heterostructure light-emitting diodes. Nat. Photonics 12, 783–789 (2018)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. Z.-K. Tan, R.S. Moghaddam, M.L. Lai, P. Docampo, R. Higler, F. Deschler, M. Price, A. Sadhanala, L.M. Pazos, D. Credgington, F. Hanusch, T. Bein, H.J. Snaith, R.H. Friend, Bright light-emitting diodes based on organometal halide perovskite. Nat. Nanotechnol. 9, 687 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. N. Wang, L. Cheng, R. Ge, S. Zhang, Y. Miao, W. Zou, C. Yi, Y. Sun, Y. Cao, R. Yang, Y. Wei, Q. Guo, Y. Ke, M. Yu, Y. Jin, Y. Liu, Q. Ding, D. Di, L. Yang, G. Xing, H. Tian, C. Jin, F. Gao, R.H. Friend, J. Wang, W. Huang, Perovskite light-emitting diodes based on solution-processed self-organized multiple quantum wells. Nat. Photon. 10, 699 (2016)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. F. Deschler, M. Price, S. Pathak, L.E. Klintberg, D.-D. Jarausch, R. Higler, S. Hüttner, T. Leijtens, S.D. Stranks, H.J. Snaith, M. Atatüre, R.T. Phillips, R.H. Friend, High photoluminescence efficiency and optically pumped lasing in solution-processed mixed halide perovskite semiconductors. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5, 1421–1426 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. G. Xing, N. Mathews, S.S. Lim, N. Yantara, X. Liu, D. Sabba, M. Grätzel, S. Mhaisalkar, T.C. Sum, Low-temperature solution-processed wavelength-tunable perovskites for lasing. Nat. Mater. 13, 476 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. L. Dou, Y. Yang, J. You, Z. Hong, W.-H. Chang, G. Li, Y. Yang, Solution-processed hybrid perovskite photodetectors with high detectivity. Nat. Commun. 5, 5404 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. Y. Fang, Q. Dong, Y. Shao, Y. Yuan, J. Huang, Highly narrowband perovskite single-crystal photodetectors enabled by surface-charge recombination. Nat. Photon. 9, 679 (2015)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. Z. Tang, Z. Xu, D. Zhang, S. Hu, W. Lau, L. Liu, Enhanced optical absorption via cation doping hybrid lead iodine perovskites. Sci. Rep. 7, 7843 (2017)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. Y. Lee, K. Oh, Instrum production of cosmogenic nuclides in small meteorites. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. 7, 401 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  14. J.F. Condeles, T.M. Martins, T.C. dos Santos, C.A. Brunello, M. Mulato, J.M. Rosolen, Fabrication and characterization of thin films of PbI2 for medical imaging. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 81, 338–340 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  15. J.P. Ponpon, M. Amann, Preliminary characterization of PbI2 polycrystalline layers deposited from solution for nuclear detector applications. Thin Solid Films 394(1–2), 277–283 (2001)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. T. Shoji, K. Hitomi, T. Tiba, T. Suehiero, Y. Hiratate, Fabrication of a nuclear radiation detector using the PbI2 crystal and its response characteristics for gamma-rays. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 45, 581 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. H. Zheng, W. Wang, S. Yang, Y. Liu, J. Sun, A facile way to prepare nanoporous PbI2 films and their application in fast conversion to CH3NH3PbI3. RSC Adv. 6, 1611–1617 (2016)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. E. Lifshitz, M. Yassen, L. Bykov, I. Dag, R. Chaim, Photodecomposition and regeneration of PbI2 nanometer- sized particles, embedded in porous silica films. J. Phys. Chem. 99, 1245–1250 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. L. Fornaro, E. Saucedo, L. Mussio, A. Gancharov, Toward epitaxial lead iodide films for X-ray digital imaging. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 49, 2274–2278 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. H. Agrawal, A.G. Vedeshwar, V.K. Saraswat, Growth and characterization of PbI2 thin films by vacuum thermal evaporation. J. Nano Res. 24, 1–6 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. R. Ismail, S. Shaker, A. Mousa, Study the optoelectronic properties of PbI2 nanorods/Si photodetector prepared by magnetic field-assisted laser deposition route. Opt. Laser Technol. 140, 107042 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. R.A. Ismail, A.M. Mousa, S.S. Shaker, Improved growth conditions of pulsed laser-deposited PbI2 nanostructure film: towards high- photosensitivity PbI2/CNTs/Si photodetectors. J. Mater. Sci. 30, 20850–20859 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-019-02452-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. J. Solis-Mosqera et al., Structural, optical, and chemical characteristics of high-quality PbI2 thin films via chemical solution deposition with thermal annealing. Phys. Status Solidi. A (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.202300206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. P.B. Taunk, R. Das, D.P. Bisen, R.K. Tamrakar, N. Rathor, Synthesis and optical properties of chemical bath deposited ZnO thin film. Karbala Int. J. Mod. Sci. 1, 159–165 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kijoms.2015.11.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. M.A. Jabr, A.M. Ali, R.A. Ismail, Preparation of high-performance p-CuO/n-Si heterojunction photodetector by laser-assisted chemical bath deposition: effect of laser wavelength. Ceram. Int. 49, 11442–11451 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.11.343

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. E.T. Salim, R.A. Ismail, H.T. Halbos, Deposition geometry effect on structural, morphological and optical properties of Nb2O5 nanostructure prepared by hydrothermal technique. Appl. Phys. A 126, 891 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-020-03955-y

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. R.A. Ismail, F.A. Fadhil, Effect of electric field on the properties of bismuth oxide nanoparticles prepared by laser ablation in water. J. Mater. Sci. 25, 1435–1440 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-014-1747-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. M. Shkir, Z. Khan, T. Alshahrani, K. Chandekar, M. Manthrammel, A. Kumar, S. AlFaify, Microwave-assisted synthesis of Mg:PbI2 nanostructures and their structural, morphological, optical, dielectric and electrical properties for optoelectronic technology. Chin. Phys. B. 29(11), 116102 (2020)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. M. Khan, M. Shkir, I. Yahia, A. Almohammedi, S. AlFaify, An impact of Cr-doping on physical properties of PbI2 thin films facilely deposited by spin coating technique. Superlattices Microstruct. 138, 106370 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Y. Wang, Y. Sun, S. Zhang, T. Lu, J. Shi, Band gap engineering of a soft inorganic compound PbI2 by incommensurate Van der Waals epitaxy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 108, 13105 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. R.A. Ismail, N.F. Habubi, M.M. Abbod, Preparation of high-sensitivity In2S3/Si heterojunction photodetector by chemical spray pyrolysis. Opt. Quant. Electron. 48, 1–14 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. R. Ismail, A.-M.E. Al-Samarai, F. Ahmed, Optoelectronic properties of n-Ag2S nanotubes/p-Si heterojunction photodetector prepared by chemical bath deposition technique: an effect of deposition time. Surfaces Interfaces 21, 100753 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. R.A. Ismail, Improved characteristics of sprayed CdO films by rapid thermal annealing. J. Mater. Sci. 20, 1219–1224 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  34. H. Jiang et al., Ultrasensitive and fast photoresponse in graphene/silicon-on-insulator hybrid structure by manipulating the photogating effect. Nanophotonics 9, 3663–3672 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. R.A. Ismail, K.Z. Yehya, O.A. Abdulrazaq, Preparation and photovoltaic roperties of Ag2O/Si isotype heterojunction. Surf. Rev. Lett. 12, 299–303 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  36. E.T. Salem, R.A. Ismail, M.A. Fakhry, Y. Yusof, Reactive PLD of ZnO thin film for optoelectronic application. Int. J. Nanoelectron. Mater. 9, 111–122 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  37. M. Alam, P. Murkute, H. Ghadi et al., Enhancing responsivity and detectivity in broadband UV–VIS photodetector by ex-situ UV–ozone annealing technique. Superlattices Microstruct. 137, 106333 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2019.106333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. R. Ismail, A. Mousa, S. Shaker, Preparation of visible-enhanced PbI2/MgO/ Si heterojunction photodetector. Optik Int. J. Light Electron Opt. 202, 163585 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. R. Ismail, A. Mousa, S. Shaker, Improved growth conditions of pulsed laser deposited PbI2 nanostructure film: towards high photosensitivity PbI2/ CNTs/Si photodetectors. Mater. Electron. 30, 20850–20859 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Applied Science department/University of Technology for their logic and technical assistance.

Funding

No fund has been received for this research study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Applied Science, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq

    Noor Hasan & Raid A. Ismail

  2. Biomedical Engineering Department, Al-Esraa University, Baghdad, Iraq

    Mohammed S. Hamza

Authors
  1. Noor Hasan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Raid A. Ismail
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mohammed S. Hamza
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Raid and Noor conceived of the presented idea. Noor and Raid supervised the finding of this work. All authors conducted the experiments. Raid and Mohammed provided critical feedback and helped shape the research, analysis and manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Raid A. Ismail.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hasan, N., Ismail, R.A. & Hamza, M.S. Studying the effect of Sn doping on the optoelectronic properties of PbI2 nanosheets/Si heterojunction photodetector prepared by chemical bath deposition. Appl. Phys. A 129, 695 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-023-06979-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-023-06979-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation