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Improvement in 316L steel surface features, corrosion and biocompatibility through novel CNT-assisted hydroxyapatite powder mixed-EDM process

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Abstract

Although coating the biomaterials with hydroxyapatite powder (HAp) mixed electro discharge machining (EDM) is required to improve their biological responses, the modified 316L stainless steel shows a low coating adhesion and cracked surface, which is prone to poor corrosion resistance and surface integrity. In addition, inferior biological responses are noticed, since a little amount of HAp is detected in the coating. The primary objective of this study is to assess the CNT reinforced HAp-based coating on a 316L stainless steel to improve the surface features, corrosion and biocompatibility. This study also establishes a link between the process variables and the material’s properties and shows the feasibility of multiple additive mixed EDM method. Following ASTM standard, several surface characterization tools were used to characterize the surface of the modified 316L stainless steel. CNT (0.4 g/l) added to the HAp mixed-EDM method results in a uniform and thin coating of 12.4 µm with shallow craters, nanopores and no cracks. A small corrosion rate of 0.00033 mm per annum is recorded. The presence of carbon incorporated Ca–P-based alloys in the coating ensures a high coating adhesion of 32.6 MPa and a high biocompatibility of more than 95% alive cells.

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Authors would like to ensure 100% data transparency. This research paper contains all of the data that were collected or evaluated throughout the investigation.

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Acknowledgements

This project was primarily funded by Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS; Cost center: 015MA0-132). This project also got support from Joint Research Project (JRP) between Univeristi Teknologi PETRONAS-University of Jeddah-University of Leeds-Fetta Sdn Bhd (JRP; Cost center: 015ME0-219).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia

    Md Al-Amin & Ahmad Majdi Abdul-Rani

  2. Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia

    Mohd Danish & Saeed Rubaiee

  3. Department of Industrial and System Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia

    Saeed Rubaiee & Anas Ahmed

  4. School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Australia

    Abdul Mannan

  5. Department of Industrial, System and Manufacturing, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, 67260-0035, USA

    Mehmet Bayram Yildirim

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  1. Md Al-Amin
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Contributions

MA-A: conceptualization, visualization, data curation, writing—original draft. AMA-R: conceptualization, visualization. MD: visualization. SR: visualization. MD and AA: writing—review and editing. MBY: writing—editing. AM: data curation.

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Correspondence to Md Al-Amin.

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Al-Amin, M., Danish, M., Rubaiee, S. et al. Improvement in 316L steel surface features, corrosion and biocompatibility through novel CNT-assisted hydroxyapatite powder mixed-EDM process. Appl. Phys. A 129, 501 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-023-06785-w

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