Abstract
The scope of this paper is to study in detail the influence of inorganic fillers on the structure of composite polymeric electrolytes based on high-molecular weight poly(oxyethylene). It was mostly driven by large discrepancies between results reported by different authors as well as lack of detailed and complete information on the properties of composite electrolytes in the numerous articles published in the last 30 years. To enhance the transport properties—annealing steps were applied. First just below the melting point of the crystalline poly(oxyethylene) phase—at 60 °C, and then at 80 °C, 100 °C and 120 °C. They led to a dramatic increase of the ionic conductivities, for both—reference, and composite electrolytes; however, the effect was most pronounced for micron-sized fillers. On the other hand, nano-powders filled samples exhibited the best mechanical stability. To study the mechanism of the conductivity enhancement, combined X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies were conducted. Appearance, disappearance, and changes in relative volume of different phases present in the electrolytes were observed. These are the first-reported results showing such changes upon annealing. Since these are multiphase systems and no obvious space groups can be applied to study the changes in the diffractograms, correlation analysis was employed to investigate this phenomenon.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M.B. Armand, P. Hagenmuller, W. Gool, Solid electrolytes: General Principles, Characterization, Materials, Applications (Academic Press, New York, 1978), pp.251–252
M.B. Armand, J.M. Chabagno, M. Duclot, Extended Abstracts of Second International Meeting on Solid Electrolytes (1978).
M.B. Armand, J.M. Chabagno, M.J. Duclot, Fast Ion Transport in Solids, 131 (1979). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0167273883900838
P.V. Wright, Electrochim. Acta 43, 1137 (1998)
D.E. Fenton, J.M. Parker, P.V. Wright, Polymer 14, 589 (1973)
R.D. Lundberg, F.E. Bailey, R.W. Callard, J. Polym. Sci. Part A-1(4), 1563 (1966)
J. Tarascon, M. Armand, Nature 414, 359 (2001)
P.G. Bruce, F.M. Gray, J. Shi, C.A. Vincent, Philos. Mag. A 64, 1091 (1991)
P.G. Bruce, C.A. Vincent, Solid State Ion. 40–41, 607 (1990)
P.V. Wright, Br. Polym. J. 7, 319 (1975)
D.R. Payne, P.V. Wright, Polymer 23, 690 (1982)
C.C. Lee, P.V. Wright, Polymer 23, 681 (1982)
W. Wieczorek, J. Płocharski, J. Przyłuski, S. Głowinkowski, Z. Pajak, Solid State Ion. 28–30, 1014 (1988)
B. Scrosati, R. Neat, Applications of Electroactive Polymers (Springer, Dordrecht, 1993), pp.182–222
C. Berthier, W. Gorecki, M. Minier, M.B. Armand, J.M. Chabagno, P. Rigaud, Solid State Ion. 11, 91 (1983)
M.H. Cohen, D. Turnbull, J. Chem. Phys. 31, 1164 (1959)
G. Adam, J.H. Gibbs, J. Chem. Phys. 43, 139 (1965)
J.H. Gibbs, E.A. DiMarzio, J. Chem. Phys. 28, 373 (1958)
S.D. Druger, M.A. Ratner, A. Nitzan, Solid State Ion. 9–10, 1115 (1983)
S.D. Druger, A. Nitzan, M.A. Ratner, J. Chem. Phys. 79, 3133 (1983)
S.D. Druger, M.A. Ratner, A. Nitzan, Phys. Rev. B 31, 3939 (1985)
S.D. Druger, M.A. Ratner, A. Nitzan, Solid State Ion. 18–19, 106 (1986)
M.A. Ratner, Polym. Electrolyte Rev. 1, 173 (1987)
J. Syzdek, M. Armand, M. Marcinek, A. Zalewska, G. Żukowska, W. Wieczorek, Electrochim. Acta 55, 1314 (2010)
W. Wieczorek, K. Such, H. Wyciślik, J. Płocharski, Solid State Ion. 36, 255 (1989)
J.E. Weston, B.C.H. Steele, Solid State Ion. 7, 75 (1982)
P.G. De Gennes, J. Chem. Phys. 55, 572 (1971)
Y. He, Z. Chen, C. Zhang, C. Wang, L. Chen, Chem. J. Chin. Univ. 2, 97 (1986)
J. Płocharski, W. Wieczorek, J. Przyłuski, K. Such, Appl. Phys. Solid Surf. 49, 55 (1989)
W. Wieczorek, K. Such, J. Plocharski, J. Przyluski, Proceedings of the II International Symposium on Polymer Electrolytes, 339 (1990).
J. Przyłuski, K. Such, H. Wyciślik, W. Wieczorek, Z. Floriańczyk, Synth. Met. 35, 241 (1990)
M.A.K.L. Dissanayake, P.A.R.D. Jayathilaka, R.S.P. Bokalawala, I. Albinsson, B. Mellander, J. Power Sources 119–121, 409 (2003)
W. Wieczorek, A. Zalewska, M. Siekierski, J. Przyluski, Solid State Ion. 86–88, 357 (1996)
R.P. Lattimer, R.E. Harris, Mass Spectrom. Rev. 4, 369 (1985)
J.T. Watson, Introduction to Mass Spectrometry, 2nd edn. (Raven Press, New York, 1985)
L.V. Azaroff, Elements of X-ray Crystallography (McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1968)
C.S. Barrett, J.B. Cohen, J.J. Faber, R. Jenkins, D.E. Leyden, J.C. Russ, P.K. Predecki, Advances in X-ray Analysis, vol. 29 (Plenum Press, New York, 1986)
H.P. Klug, L.E. Alexander, X-ray Diffraction Procedures for Polycrystalline and Amorphous Materials (Wiley, New York, 1974)
J.S. Syzdek, M.B. Armand, P. Falkowski, M. Gizowska, M. Karłowicz, Ł Łukaszuk, M.Ł Marcinek, A. Zalewska, M. Szafran, C. Masquelier, J.M. Tarascon, W.G. Wieczorek, Z. Żukowska, Chem. Mater. 23(7), 1785 (2011)
J. Przylusky, W. Wieczorek, J. Therm. Anal. 38, 2229 (1992)
C. Zhang, S. Gamble, D. Ainsworth, A.M.Z. Slawin, Y.G. Andreev, P.G. Bruce, Nat. Mater. 8, 580 (2009)
C. Zhang, S.J. Lilley, D. Ainsworth, E. Staunton, Y.G. Andreev, A.M.Z. Slawin, P.G. Bruce, Chem. Mater. 20, 4039 (2008)
C. Zhang, D. Ainsworth, Y.G. Andreev, P.G. Bruce, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129, 8700 (2007)
C. Zhang, Y.G. Andreev, P.G. Bruce, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46, 2848 (2007)
S.J. Lilley, Y.G. Andreev, P.G. Bruce, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 12036 (2006)
Y.G. Andreev, V. Seneviratne, M. Khan, W.A. Henderson, R.E. Frech, P.G. Bruce, Chem. Mater. 17, 767 (2005)
I. Noda, G.M. Story, C. Marcott, Vib. Spectrosc. 19, 461 (1999)
I. Noda, A.E. Dowrey, C. Marcott, G.M. Story, Y. Ozaki, Appl. Spectrosc. 54, 236A (2000)
I. Noda, Appl. Spectrosc. 47, 1329 (1993)
I. Noda, Appl. Spectrosc. 44, 550 (1990)
B. Bogdanov, M. Michailov, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 30, 551 (1985)
R. Neat, M. Glasse, R. Linford, A. Hooper, Solid State Ion. 18–19, 1088 (1986)
C. Zhang, E. Staunton, Y.G. Andreev, P.G. Bruce, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 18305 (2005)
Z. Stoeva, I. Martin-Litas, E. Staunton, Y.G. Andreev, P.G. Bruce, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 4619 (2003)
Z. Gadjourova, Y.G. Andreev, D.P. Tunstall, P.G. Bruce, Nature 412, 520 (2001)
Z. Gadjourova, M. Martin, K.H. Andersen, Y.G. Andreev, P.G. Bruce, Chem. Mater. 13, 1282 (2001)
M. Siekierski, K. Nadara, Electrochim. Acta 50, 3796 (2005)
M. Siekierski, W. Wieczorek, K. Nadara, Electrochim. Acta 53, 1556 (2007)
M. Siekierski, K. Nadara, J. Power Sources 173, 748 (2007)
Funding
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. The authors have no financial or proprietary interests in any material discussed in this article.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Syzdek, J.S., Marcinek, M., Marczewski, M. et al. Structural and conductivity investigations of composite polymer electrolytes based on poly(oxyethylene). Appl. Phys. A 129, 74 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-022-06335-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-022-06335-w