Abstract
Refractive index changes \(\Delta n\) in lithium niobate crystals upon irradiation with high-energy protons, deuterons, \(^3\)He, and \(^4\alpha \) particles (up to 14 MeV/nucleon) are created, and the accompanying, unwanted nuclear activation is investigated. The measurements give answers to the question which ion is the best choice depending on the requirements: largest values of \(\Delta n\) are achieved with \(^4\alpha \) particles, low nuclear activation with deuterons, or the best tradeoff between \(\Delta n\) and activation with \(^3\)He, respectively.
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Raeth, N.L., Goetze, J., Peithmann, K. et al. Refractive index changes and nuclear activation upon irradiation of lithium niobate crystals with different low-mass, high-energy ions. Appl. Phys. A 117, 1041–1044 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-014-8524-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-014-8524-y