Abstract
Marine ecosystems, particularly coastal environments, are rapidly changing due to anthropogenic impacts resulting in increased global climate change (ocean warming), ocean acidification, hypoxia, and eutrophication. On coral reefs, symbiont-bearing large benthic foraminifera (LBFs) can play a key role as reef constituents and carbonate producers, contributing up to 5% of reef-scale carbonate budgets. However, projected climate change, particularly ocean warming, has the potential to significantly alter the conditions in which marine organisms persist. While the response of LBFs to elevated thermal stress is well documented in laboratory studies, the potential influence of adaptation or acclimatization through prior environmental thermal history on this response remains largely unknown. In this study, specimens of Calcarina gaudichaudii, an LBF from the Penghu Islands, Taiwan, were collected from thermally variable intertidal and thermally stable subtidal (~ 6 m depth) environments representing thermal history. LBFs were then acclimated to laboratory conditions at ambient (25 °C) and elevated (28 °C) temperatures for three weeks, and subsequently exposed to control and heat stress treatments (25 °C, 28 °C, 30 °C, 33 °C) for an additional one week. Photosynthetic rates (determined through oxygen flux measurements) of C. gaudichaudii significantly decreased in specimens collected at subtidal depths acclimated at 25 °C when compared to those acclimated at 28 °C, whereas there was no effect of thermal history on respiration, indicating that symbiont and holobiont responses may differ in LBFs. Additionally, maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) significantly decreased as a result of heat stress, although bleaching was not visually observed after one week. These results highlight the plastic responses of the algal microbiome and indicate that thermal history, acclimatization temperature, and heat stress interact to affect the physiological status of C. gaudichaudii. This study adds to the growing literature which highlights the larger implications of understanding thermal history as an important factor to consider to better understand how ecosystem processes (e.g., carbonate production) are altered on modern coral reefs.
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Acknowledgements
We thank the staff of the Penghu Marine Biological Laboratory for their assistance in maintaining this experiment as the National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium (NMMBA) for access to molecular laboratory facilities. Additionally, we would like to thank the Northeastern University Three Seas Program for the continued support during the analysis process of this data. This study was funded through the Taiwan Tech Trek (TTT) program awarded to SSD. This work was also funded by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. Fellowship awarded to SSD.
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Carpenter, G.E., Denis, V., Fan, TY. et al. Effects of thermal history on the responses to thermal stress of a large benthic foraminifera, Calcarina gaudichaudii. Coral Reefs 40, 1879–1888 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-021-02186-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-021-02186-8