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Characterization of a thermally tolerant Orbicella faveolata reef in Abaco, The Bahamas

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Abstract

Increased ocean temperatures from anthropogenic climate change induce coral bleaching, the breakdown of symbioses between corals and photosynthetic dinoflagellates. However, some corals thrive in marginal, warm environments that exceed typical bleaching thresholds. Their survival may be mediated by specific genes within the coral host, association with heat-tolerant algal symbionts, and/or distinct bacterial communities. At Mermaid Reef in Great Abaco, The Bahamas, Orbicella faveolata colonies did not bleach during a warming event that reached 33.0 °C, while at Sandy Cay Reef (~ 18 km south), which reached only 32.0 °C, O. faveolata bleached extensively. To investigate abiotic and biotic factors contributing to Mermaid Reef’s higher thermal tolerance, we compared temperature, depth, and coral composition at each site and used microsatellite genotyping, quantitative PCR, and 16S rRNA metabarcoding to examine host genotype diversity, Symbiodiniaceae composition, and bacterial communities in O. faveolata. All O. faveolata colonies at the tolerant Mermaid Reef were clonemates and hosted exclusively Durusdinium symbionts, while colonies at Sandy Cay Reef comprised diverse genotypes and hosted varying proportions of four Symbiodiniaceae genera, which were primarily structured by depth. Mermaid Reef colonies also tended to have higher bacterial family richness than Sandy Cay Reef. These findings suggest that shallow, warm environments like Mermaid Reef may select for few, putatively heat-tolerant genotypes of corals and symbionts, and that while warming may greatly reduce genetic diversity, certain individuals may thrive. Such individuals existing today can provide valuable biological insights and resources for intervention conservation aimed at boosting reef resilience under climate change.

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the January 2019 Middlebury College course BIOL0371 Advanced Field Biology, funded by the Middlebury College Biology Department, donors, and the Albert D. Mead Professorship (to JOW), for field support. We also acknowledge the Abaco community that supported our research efforts: DiveTime Abaco, Friends of the Environment, Bahamas National Trust, Mark Grosby, and Island Girl Taxi. Middlebury students from spring 2019 courses BIOL0324 Genomics and BIOL0365 Molecular Microbial Ecology conducted pilot microsatellite analyses, and Will Greene generated the orthomosaic. Margaret Miller provided project support and spawning observations, and Ruben van Hooidonk provided satellite temperature data. Molecular work was supported by the Microbiome Lab at the John G. Shedd Aquarium, the Vermont Integrative Genomics Resource Massively Parallel Sequencing Facility, the University of Vermont Cancer Center, Lake Champlain Cancer Research Organization, and the UVM Larner College of Medicine. KP was supported by NSF OCE-1851305 to RC.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Daniel P. Haerther Center for Conservation and Research, John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, IL, USA

    Katherine E. Parker & Ross Cunning

  2. Department of Biology and Program in Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, USA

    Jeremy O. Ward, Erin M. Eggleston & Evan Fedorov

  3. SECORE International, Miami, FL, USA

    John Everett Parkinson

  4. Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

    John Everett Parkinson

  5. Perry Institute for Marine Science, Waitsfield, VT, USA

    Craig P. Dahlgren

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  1. Katherine E. Parker
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  4. Evan Fedorov
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Correspondence to Ross Cunning.

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Data availability

Symbiodiniaceae qPCR data, environmental data, and R code for analysis are available at github.com/kparker96/Sandy_Mermaid, and are archived at Zenodo (Parker and Cunning 2020). Microbial raw data are available through the NCBI SRA via accession number PRJNA591009, with R code for analysis at github.com/eme47/CoralMicrobiome.

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Parker, K.E., Ward, J.O., Eggleston, E.M. et al. Characterization of a thermally tolerant Orbicella faveolata reef in Abaco, The Bahamas. Coral Reefs 39, 675–685 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-020-01948-0

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