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Sexual reproduction of the Hawaiian black coral Antipathes griggi (Cnidaria: Antipatharia)

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Abstract

The Hawaiian black coral fishery has maintained steady catch levels for over 50 years. However, recent declines in the biomass of commercially valuable Hawaiian black corals question whether regulations need to be redefined for sustainable harvesting. Fishery management efforts are complicated by the limited information on the basic life history and reproduction of black corals. To address this knowledge gap, we used histological techniques to investigate sexual reproductive processes within Antipathes griggi, the dominant species targeted by the fishery. Our results indicate that A. griggi is likely gonochoric with a 1:1 sex ratio and has an annual reproductive cycle. Furthermore, the percentage of polyps containing gametes dropped continuously throughout the reproductive season, indicating that spawning occurs in successive events with greatest intensity between November and December. Current fishing regulations prohibit harvesting of colonies <90 cm in height in state waters, and colonies <120 cm in height in federal waters. This study indicates that ~80% meeting the state harvesting limit, and ~90% of colonies meeting the federal limit, are sexually mature. Therefore, increasing these minimum size harvesting limits would ensure that more colonies can reproduce before being exposed to fishing mortality. Although A. griggi can be found to depths of 100 m, it is rare below the 75 m depth limit at which commercial harvest occurs in Hawai‘i. Thus, the supposed depth refuge from harvest does not really exist.

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Acknowledgments

We thank D. Opresko for taxonomic assistance and J. DeMello for valuable help during this project. Special thanks to the captain and crew of R/V Kaimikai-o-Kanaloa and R/V Hi‘ialakai, and to L. Marsh, J. Heacock, S. Reed, J. Leonard, K. Longenecker, R. Boland, J. Eble, Y. Papastamatiou, F. Parrish, J. Rooney, K. Ryan, R. Pyle, K. Gleason, R. Kosaki, G. McFall, C. Kane, B. Hauk and S. Kahng for help with sample collections. Additional help in the laboratory was provided by T. Carvalho, M. Bellinger, R. Macleod and E. Bates. This work was funded in part by the Western Pacific Fisheries Management Council (NA07NMF4410114 to the University of Hawai‘i through NOAA’s Coral Reef Conservation Grant Program), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Coastal Ocean Program (NA07NOS4780189 to the State of Hawai‘i Department of Land and Natural Resources [DLNR]), the NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program (NA05OAR4301108 to HURL), the NOAA Fisheries Disaster Relief Program (NA03NMF4520452 to the State of Hawai‘i/DLNR), the National Science Foundation (OCE-0623678 to RJT), and the National Marine Sanctuary Program (NWHICRER MOA 2005-008/6882). Submersible support was provided by HURL. This manuscript represents SOEST contribution number 8558 and HIMB contribution number 1484. The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

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  1. D. Wagner

    Present address: Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, 6600 Kalaniana‘ole Highway, Suite 300, Honolulu, HI, 96825, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, 1000 Pope Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA

    D. Wagner

  2. Darling Marine Center, University of Maine, 193 Clarks Cove Road, Walpole, ME, 04573, USA

    R. G. Waller

  3. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 300 Ala Moana Boulevard, Room 3-122, Honolulu, HI, 96850, USA

    A. D. Montgomery

  4. Hawai‘i Undersea Research Laboratory, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, 1000 Pope Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA

    C. D. Kelley

  5. Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, 46-007 Lilipuna Road, Kaneohe, HI, 96744, USA

    R. J. Toonen

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Wagner, D., Waller, R.G., Montgomery, A.D. et al. Sexual reproduction of the Hawaiian black coral Antipathes griggi (Cnidaria: Antipatharia). Coral Reefs 31, 795–806 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-012-0882-3

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