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Interventionelle Schmerztherapie an der Wirbelsäule

Diagnostikum und Therapeutikum

Interventional spinal pain management

A diagnostic and therapeutic tool

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Zusammenfassung

Interventionelle Techniken sind wesentliche Bausteine der Behandlung v8on Schmerzen am Bewegungsapparat, allen voran an der Wirbelsäule. Sie kommen spätestens bei Unwirksamkeit qualifizierter konservativer Therapien im subakuten/prächronischen und chronischen Stadium zum Einsatz. Bei korrekter Indikationsstellung zeichnen sie sich durch eine schnelle, potente und lokal begrenzte Linderung von Beschwerden mit äußerst geringem Nebenwirkungsprofil aus. Die kurz- und mittelfristige Effektivität einer korrekt durchgeführten Intervention ist hinlänglich gut belegt. Somit ist eine effektivere Umsetzung von sofortigen notwendigen aktivierenden physio- oder trainingstherapeutischen Maßnahmen durch eine bessere Funktionalität der Patienten im postinterventionellen Intervall möglich. Ein wesentlicher Bestandteil derartiger Techniken sind die sich daraus ergebenden diagnostischen Aussagen, v. a. bei therapieresistenten oder chronischen Schmerzpatienten, denn Schmerzen an der Wirbelsäule werden oft viel zu früh als sog. unspezifische chronische Kreuzschmerzen abgetan. Diagnostische Blockadetechniken werden an Nozizeptoren der Facettengelenke, Iliosakralgelenke, Spinalnerven und diskoligamentärer Strukturen durchgeführt. Die daraus resultierenden Erkenntnisse sollten bei chronifizierenden Schmerzen in einem multiprofessionellen Gremium diskutiert werden, um die chirurgische Trefferquote zu erhöhen und letzten Endes die Zahl der Patienten mit „failed back surgery syndrome“ zu senken. Aufgrund vieler unterschiedlicher Techniken und eines oft unklaren und uneinheitlichen Indikationsspektrums sollten die internationalen Guidelines eingehalten werden.

Abstract

Interventional pain management techniques are important therapeutic modalities for treating pain coming from the musculoskeletal system, particularly the spine. At the latest, they are employed after failure of conservative treatment in the subacute/prechronic and chronic pain stage. Used for the correct indication, interventional pain management techniques are characterised by their quick and potent local pain relief and extremely low rate of adverse events. The positive short- and medium-term effect after a correctly performed intervention is well documented. The immediate pain reducing effect enables more effective implementation of necessary physio- or exercise therapy measures post intervention, due to the patient’s improved functional status. Interventional techniques are also used as a diagnostic tool and play a very important role in patients suffering from unclear treatment-refractory or chronic pain in particular, since spinal pain is frequently diagnosed as “chronic unspecific pain syndrome” far too early. Diagnostic blockade techniques are performed on nociceptors facet joints, sacroiliac joints, spinal nerves and discoligamentary structures. The diagnostic findings in chronic pain patients have to be discussed in a multidisciplinary team, to increase the surgical hit rate and to reduce the number of patients with “failed back surgery syndrome”. Due to the many different techniques as well as a sometimes nebulous and non-standardised indication spectrum, it is important to act under the provision of international guidelines.

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Correspondence to Gregor Kienbacher MSc.

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Interessenkonflikt

G. Kienbacher gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren. Für die aufgeführten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien.

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Dieser Beitrag beruht auf einem Vortrag gehalten auf dem Kongress „Konservative Orthopädie im Fokus“ in Pörtschach im Juli 2017.

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Kienbacher, G. Interventionelle Schmerztherapie an der Wirbelsäule. Manuelle Medizin 56, 54–60 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00337-017-0351-8

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