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The insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) contributes to reduced size in dogs

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Abstract

Domestic dog breeds have undergone intense selection for a variety of morphologic features, including size. Among small-dog breeds, defined as those averaging less than ~15 in. at the withers, there remains still considerable variation in body size. Yet essentially all such dogs are fixed for the same allele at the insulin-like growth factor 1 gene, which we and others previously found to be a size locus of large effect. In this study we sought to identify additional genes that contribute to tiny size in dogs using an association scan with the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) dataset CanMap, in which 915 purebred dogs were genotyped at 60,968 SNP markers. Our strongest association for tiny size (defined as breed-average height not more than 10 in. at the withers) was on canine chromosome 3 (p = 1.9 × 10−70). Fine mapping revealed a nonsynonymous SNP at chr3:44,706,389 that changes a highly conserved arginine at amino acid 204 to histidine in the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R). This mutation is predicted to prevent formation of several hydrogen bonds within the cysteine-rich domain of the receptor’s ligand-binding extracellular subunit. Nine of 13 tiny dog breeds carry the mutation and many dogs are homozygous for it. This work underscores the central importance of the IGF1 pathway in controlling the tremendous size diversity of dogs.

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Acknowledgments

We thank members of the Ostrander and Sutter laboratories and the students of BCH. We thank Jeffrey Schoenebeck for helpful discussion and Roger Rowlett for assistance with IGF1R structure analysis. This research would not be possible without the generous support of dog owners who provided access to their animals. BCH carried out a majority of her portion of this work while on sabbatical in the Ostrander lab with support from the Colgate Research Council. This work was funded by the intramural program at NHGRI/NIH (EAO, MR, DL) and Cornell University internal funds (NBS).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, NY, 13346, USA

    Barbara C. Hoopes

  2. National Human Genome Research Institute, Building 50, Room 5349, 50 South Drive MSC 8000, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA

    Maud Rimbault, David Liebers & Elaine A. Ostrander

  3. Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA

    Nathan B. Sutter

  4. C3-179 Vet Medical Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA

    Nathan B. Sutter

Authors
  1. Barbara C. Hoopes
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  2. Maud Rimbault
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  3. David Liebers
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  4. Elaine A. Ostrander
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  5. Nathan B. Sutter
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nathan B. Sutter.

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Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi: 10.1007/s00335-012-9417-z) contains supplementary material which is available to authorized users. (DOCX 3307 kb)

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Hoopes, B.C., Rimbault, M., Liebers, D. et al. The insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) contributes to reduced size in dogs. Mamm Genome 23, 780–790 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00335-012-9417-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00335-012-9417-z

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