Abstract
The spectrin-based cytoskeleton assembly has emerged as a major player in heart functioning; however, cardiac protein 4.1, a key constituent, is uncharacterized. Protein 4.1 evolved to protect cell membranes against mechanical stresses and to organize membrane microstructure. 4.1 Proteins are multifunctional and, among other activities, link integral/signaling proteins on the plasma and internal membranes with the spectrin-based cytoskeleton. Four genes, EPB41, EPB41L1, EPB41L2, and EPB41L3 encode proteins 4.1R, 4.1N, 4.1G, and 4.1B, respectively. All are extensively spliced. Different isoforms are expressed according to tissue and developmental state, individual function being controlled through inclusion/exclusion of interactive domains. We have defined mouse and human cardiac 4.1 transcripts; other than 4. 1B in humans, all genes show activity. Cardiac transcripts constitutively include conserved FERM and C-terminal domains; both interact with membrane-bound signaling/transport/cell adhesion molecules. Variable splicing within and adjacent to the central spectrin/actin-binding domain enables regulation of cytoskeleton-binding activity. A novel heart-specific exon occurs in human 4.1G, but not in mouse. Immunofluorescence reveals 4.1 staining within mouse cardiomyocytes; thus, both at the plasma membrane and, interdigitated with sarcomeric myosin, across myofibrils in regions close to the sarcoplasmic reticulum. These are all regions to which spectrin locates. 4.1R in human heart shows similar distribution; however, there is limited plasma membrane staining. We conclude that cardiac 4.1s are highly regulated in their ability to crosslink plasma/integral cell membranes with the spectrin-actin cytoskeleton. We speculate that over the repetitive cycles of heart muscle contraction and relaxation, 4.1s are likely to locate, support, and coordinate functioning of key membrane-bound macromolecular assemblies.
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the British Heart Foundation (project grant numbers PG/99155 and PG/03/159/16422), the BBSRC, and the Medical Research Council. We thank Prof. John Conboy for considerable help in sharing unpublished results on 4.1 sequences, Dr. Elisabeth Ehler for rat cardiomyocytes, Dr. T. K. Tang for a full-length 4.1R cDNA clone, Dr. Philippe Gascard for anti-4.1R antibodies, and Dr. Leszek Kotula for an anti-αII-spectrin antibodies. Kate Kirwan’s help with the preparation of images and figures was much appreciated.
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Taylor-Harris, P.M., Keating, L.A., Maggs, A.M. et al. Cardiac muscle cell cytoskeletal protein 4.1: Analysis of transcripts and subcellular location—relevance to membrane integrity, microstructure, and possible role in heart failure. Mamm Genome 16, 137–151 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00335-004-2436-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00335-004-2436-7