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A three thousand year succession of plant communities on a valley bottom in the Vosges Mountains, NE France, reconstructed from fossil pollen, plant macrofossils, and modern phytosociological communities

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Abstract

Pollen and macrofossils were studied in a core from a fen at the foot of a slope in the Vosges Mountains, NE France. The present-day vegetation of little disturbed Abies, Fagus, and Picea forest and wetlands has been described in detail in terms of phytosociological communities using the Braun-Blanquet approach. Past ecological conditions are reconstructed in five steps: (1) The modern vegetation types are described as combinations of phytosociological species groups. (2) Micro- and macrofossils are assigned to these groups. (3) These in combination determine the past vegetation types at the site; there were simultaneously several such types in some biozones. (4) The sequence of past vegetation types is interpreted as successional pathways. (5) Past ecological conditions are inferred from these pathways. Results are: (1) The types of local forest and fen were the same around 1000 b.c. as today. (2) Rising groundwater around 650 b.c. caused a natural wet meadow to develop at the site. (3) Trees were felled near the site in the first century b.c. (Late Iron Age), facilitating the immigration of Picea. (4) Groundwater level rose during early Medieval times because of a wetter climate and alder carr replaced the dry-soil forest close to the site. (5) During High Medieval Times (10th–13th century) the nearby raised bog expanded over the site. (6) Forestry starting around a.d. 1750 caused nutrient-rich water to reach the site, resulting in abrupt vegetation change. (7) The creation of a forest road around a.d. 1855 (historical information) caused further nutrient enrichment of the site. The validity of the method used depends on the assumption that past and present vegetation types are virtually identical, which is true in our study area and study period, according to all the indications that we have.

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Acknowledgements

We dedicate this paper to Brigitta Ammann. Pim (W.O.) van der Knaap is especially grateful for her continual support of the scientific careers of many people of all ages and a variety of specialisations.

We thank C.R. Janssen and especially H.J.B. Birks for their perceptive reviews. This study is part of the European Union project FOSSILVA (Dynamics of forest tree biodiversity: linking genetic, Palaeogenetic and plant historical approaches; EVK2-CT-99-00036). The Institute of Plant Sciences, Bern, Switzerland provided an additional grant for pollen analysis.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Archäologische Wissenschaften der J.W. Goethe-Universität, Abteilung Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Labor für Archäobotanik, Grüneburgplatz 1, 60323, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Arie J. Kalis, Astrid Schweizer & Ralf Urz

  2. Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland

    W. O. van der Knaap

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  1. Arie J. Kalis
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  2. W. O. van der Knaap
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  3. Astrid Schweizer
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  4. Ralf Urz
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Correspondence to W. O. van der Knaap.

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Communicated by W. Tinner

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Kalis, A.J., van der Knaap, W.O., Schweizer, A. et al. A three thousand year succession of plant communities on a valley bottom in the Vosges Mountains, NE France, reconstructed from fossil pollen, plant macrofossils, and modern phytosociological communities. Veget Hist Archaeobot 15, 377–390 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-006-0065-7

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