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Demystification of AI-driven medical image interpretation: past, present and future

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Abstract

The recent explosion of ‘big data’ has ushered in a new era of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms in every sphere of technological activity, including medicine, and in particular radiology. However, the recent success of AI in certain flagship applications has, to some extent, masked decades-long advances in computational technology development for medical image analysis. In this article, we provide an overview of the history of AI methods for radiological image analysis in order to provide a context for the latest developments. We review the functioning, strengths and limitations of more classical methods as well as of the more recent deep learning techniques. We discuss the unique characteristics of medical data and medical science that set medicine apart from other technological domains in order to highlight not only the potential of AI in radiology but also the very real and often overlooked constraints that may limit the applicability of certain AI methods. Finally, we provide a comprehensive perspective on the potential impact of AI on radiology and on how to evaluate it not only from a technical point of view but also from a clinical one, so that patients can ultimately benefit from it.

Key Points

• Artificial intelligence (AI) research in medical imaging has a long history

• The functioning, strengths and limitations of more classical AI methods is reviewed, together with that of more recent deep learning methods.

• A perspective is provided on the potential impact of AI on radiology and on its evaluation from both technical and clinical points of view.

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Abbreviations

AI:

Artificial intelligence

ANN:

Artificial neural network

LASSO:

Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator

PICO:

Patient/problem, intervention, comparison intervention and outcomes

TB:

Tuberculosis

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Funding

The authors state that this work has not received any funding.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Diagnostic Radiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

    Peter Savadjiev, Jaron Chong, Anthony Dohan, Caroline Reinhold & Benoit Gallix

  2. Department of Diagnostic Radiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada

    Jaron Chong, Anthony Dohan, Caroline Reinhold & Benoit Gallix

  3. Department of Body & Interventional Imaging, Hôpital Lariboisière-AP-HP, Université Diderot-Paris 7 and INSERM U965, 75475, Paris Cedex 10, France

    Anthony Dohan

  4. Ecole CentraleSupelec, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

    Maria Vakalopoulou & Nikos Paragios

  5. Inria Saclay/Ile-de-France, 91120, Palaiseau, France

    Maria Vakalopoulou

  6. TheraPanacea, 75014, Paris, France

    Nikos Paragios

Authors
  1. Peter Savadjiev
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  2. Jaron Chong
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  3. Anthony Dohan
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  4. Maria Vakalopoulou
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  5. Caroline Reinhold
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  6. Nikos Paragios
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  7. Benoit Gallix
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Benoit Gallix.

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Guarantor

The scientific guarantor of this publication is Dr. Benoit Gallix.

Conflict of Interest

Professor Nikos Paragions declares a relationship with the following company: TheraPanacea, Paris, France.

The other co-authors of this manuscript declare no relationships with any companies whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article.

Statistics and Biometry

No complex statistical methods were necessary for this paper.

Informed Consent

Written informed consent was not required for this study because this is a review article, no study was performed.

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Institutional review board approval was not required because this is a review article and no study was performed.

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Savadjiev, P., Chong, J., Dohan, A. et al. Demystification of AI-driven medical image interpretation: past, present and future. Eur Radiol 29, 1616–1624 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-018-5674-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-018-5674-x

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