Abstract
Our aim was to evaluate whether it is possible to visualize slow flow within a small catheter placed inside a living animal. We used a flow-sensitive, single-shot turbo spin-echo (SS-TSE) MRI sequence, developed in house, based on diffusion-weighted (DW) techniques. Four anesthetized pigs were used as models. A plastic catheter was surgically placed within the common bile duct (CBD). To mimic flow, the catheter was filled with Ringer’s acetate and connected to a pump. b factors (s/m2) of 0, 6, and 12, with flow velocities raging from 0 to 1.32 cm/s, were used. A total of 375 images were obtained and examined. After correction for bowel movement artifacts, all images displayed the catheter on zero flow. With a flow of 0.66 cm/s or higher, no images displayed the catheter with a b factor of 6 or 12. On the slower flow velocities, it was variable whether the catheter was visible or not, but at b=6 and flow 0.17 cm/s all catheters were viewable. This method made it possible to perform a semiquantitative evaluation of flow velocities in vivo, dividing flow into three groups.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Calvo MM, Bujanda L, Calderon A, Heras I, Cabriada JL, Bernal A, Orive V, Capelastegi A (2002) Role of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography in patients with suspected choledocholithiasis. Mayo Clin Proc 77:422–428
Mutignani M, Riccioni ME, Costamagna G (2001) Diagnosis of exocrine diseases of the pancreas: is there still a role for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)? Rays 26:161–167
Sica GT, Braver J, Cooney MJ, Miller FH, Chai JL, Adams DF (1999) Comparison of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with MR cholangiopancreatography in patients with pancreatitis. Radiology 210:605–610
Arslan A, Geitung JT, Viktil E, Abdelnoor M, Osnes M (2000) Pancreaticobiliary diseases. Comparison of 2D single-shot turbo spin-echo MR cholangiopancreatography with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Acta Radiol 41:621–626
Matos C, Metens T, Devière J, Nicaise N, Braudè P, Yperen GV, Cremer M, Struyven J (1997) Pancreatic duct: morphologic and functional evaluation with dynamic MR pancreatography after secretin stimulation. Radiology 203:435–441
Heverhagen JT, Müller D, Battmann A, Ishaque N, Boehm D, Katschinski M, Wagner HJ, Klose KJ (2001) MR hydrometry to assess exocrine function of the pancreas: initial results of noninvasive quantification of secretion. Radiology 218:61–67
Erlinger S (1972) Physiology of bile flow. Prog Liver Dis 4:63–82
Nyberg B (1990) Bile secretion in man. The effects of somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and secretin. Acta Chir Scand Suppl 557:1–40
Gjesdal KI, Storås T, Hellund JC, Geitung JT (2002) A pulse sequence for slow flow visualization. ESMRMB meeting 2002. Abstract no. 436
Stejskal EO, Tanner JE (1965) Spin diffusion measurements: spin echoes in the presence of a time dependent field gradient. J Chem Phys 42:288–292
Alsop DC (1997). Phase insensitive preparation of single-shot RARE: application to diffusion imaging in humans. Magn Reson Med 38:527–533
Norris DG, Börnert P, Reese T, Leibfritz D (1992) On the application of ultra-fast RARE experiments. Magn Reson Med 27:142–164
Schick F (1997) SPICE: sub-second diffusion-sensitive MR imaging using a modified fast spin-echo acquisition mode. Magn Reson Med 38:638–644
Le Roux P, McKinnon G (1998) Non CPMG fast spin echo with full signal. Book of abstracts, Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 1998. Berkeley California, p 574
Van Uijen CMJ, Den Boef JH (1984) Driven-equilibrium radiofrequency pulses in NMR imaging. Magn Reson Med 1:502–507
Swindle MM, Smith AC, Hepburn BJ (1988) Swine as models in experimental surgery. J Invest Surg 1:65–79
Labori KJ, Arnkvaern BA, Bjørnbeth BA, Press CMcL, Raeder M (2002) Cholestatic effect of large bilirubin loads and cholestasis protection conferred by cholic acid co-infusion: a molecular and ultrastructural study. Scand J Gastroenterol 37:585–596
Håkansson K, Christoffersson JO, Leander P, Ekberg O, Håkansson HO (2001) On the appearance of bile in clinical MR cholangiopancreatography. Acta Radiologica 43:401–410
Burton SS, Liebig T, Frazier SD, Ros PR (1997) High-density oral barium sulfate in abdominal MRI: efficacy and tolerance in a clinical setting. Magn Reson Imaging 15:147–153
Paley MR, Nicolas AI, Mergo PJ, Torres GM, Burton SS, Ros P (1997) Low density barium and bentonite mixture versus high density barium: a comparative study to optimize negative gastrointestinal contrast agents for MRI. Magn Reson Imaging 15:1033–1036
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful for the valuable assistance of M. Eriksen, Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Ulleval University Hospital. This study was made possible in part by funds from the Ulleval Research Forum (FUS) and the Haakon and Sigrun Oedegaards Foundation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hellund, J.C., Labori, K.J., Bjørnbeth, B.A. et al. MRI of slow flow in artificial duct in swine. Eur Radiol 14, 1692–1697 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-003-2212-1
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-003-2212-1