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Food chain, parasites and climate changes in the high Arctic: a case study on trophically transmitted parasites of common eider Somateria mollissima at Franz Josef Land

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Abstract

Assessment of the impact of climate change on the Arctic nearshore ecosystems requires knowledge of the “reference points”, that is, the state of things before the effects of the warming become pronounced. For parasites, which play an essential role in the nearshore ecosystems, this knowledge is scarce and fragmentary. This study, based on the materials collected at Franz Josef Land (FJL) in 1990–1993, partly fills this gap. We present the first data on the diet of the common eider Somateria mollissima at FJL, the transmission of helminths in its population and the infection of nearshore invertebrates with helminth larvae. We found that gastrointestinal helminth communities were impoverished (only ten species) and dominated by cestodes and acanthocephalans. This is associated with the prevalence of nearshore crustaceans, the intermediate hosts of these helminths, in the diet of the eiders. The absence of the vulnerable free-living larvae also facilitates transmission of helminths parasitizing eiders at FJL. Infection with helminths and the diet were different in ducklings and in adult birds as well as in eiders from different parts of the archipelago. The infection distribution of molluscs and crustaceans with helminth larvae was patchy and higher in the vicinity of the eider colonies. A high-infection intensity of FJL eiders with cestodes and acanthocephalans recorded in our study seems to have a certain negative effect on the bird population. Its significance is likely to grow considering that the transmission of helminths is promoted by the climate warming in the Arctic.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the crew of the RV Pomor, whose excellent professional skills made it possible for us to work in the nearshore waters of the high-Arctic Franz Josef Land archipelago. We also thank the colleagues who helped us with the collection and primary treatment of the material during expeditions, especially Dr V.G. Averintsev and Dr S.F. Marasaev. We are grateful to Dr A.K. Galkin and Dr G.I. Atrashkevich for valuable help with species identification of cestodes and acanthocephalans and Dr I.A. Levakin for his help with statistics. K.G. is grateful to Natalia Lentsman for her help with the translation into English. We acknowledge Dr Eric P. Hoberg and two anonymous reviewers for their advice to improve this manuscript.

Funding

The expeditions onboard RV Pomor and the field work at the Hooker Island scientific station in 1990‒1993 were funded by the joint Norwegian–Russian–Polish project (Sov-Nor-Pol) and the research programmes of the Murmansk Marine Biological Institute (Russia), the Polar Research Institute (Norway) and the Institute of Oceanology (Poland). The species identification of the common eider helminths was financed by the research programme of the Zoological Institute RAS (grant no. AAAA-A19-119020690109-2). The treatment and analysis of the parasitological data were supported by the Russian Science Foundation (grant no. 18-14-00170).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia

    Kirill V. Galaktionov

  2. Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland

    Jan Marcin Węsławski

  3. Department of Vertebrate Ecology and Zoology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland

    Lech Stempniewicz

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  1. Kirill V. Galaktionov
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  2. Jan Marcin Węsławski
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  3. Lech Stempniewicz
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Contributions

All authors took part in sampling material during the Franz Josef Land expeditions in 1990–1993. J.M.W. and L.S. analysed the data on common eider feeding, K.G. – parasitological data. K.G. designed research. All authors collaborated in discussing the material and writing the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Kirill V. Galaktionov.

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The permission required for animal care, both of common eiders and benthic invertebrates, was acquired as appropriate in the office of the Federal Nature Management supervision service (Rosprirodnadzor) of the Arkhangelsk region.

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Galaktionov, K.V., Węsławski, J.M. & Stempniewicz, L. Food chain, parasites and climate changes in the high Arctic: a case study on trophically transmitted parasites of common eider Somateria mollissima at Franz Josef Land. Polar Biol 44, 1321–1342 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-021-02881-w

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