Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Microclimate impacts of passive warming methods in Antarctica: implications for climate change studies

Polar Biology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Cite this article

Abstract

Passive chambers are used to examine the impacts of summer warming in Antarctica but, so far, impacts occurring outside the growing season, or related to extreme temperatures, have not been reported, despite their potentially large biological significance. In this review, we synthesise and discuss the microclimate impacts of passive warming chambers (closed, ventilated and Open Top Chamber—OTC) commonly used in Antarctic terrestrial habitats, paying special attention to seasonal warming, during the growing season and outside, extreme temperatures and freeze–thaw events. Both temperature increases and decreases were recorded throughout the year. Closed chambers caused earlier spring soil thaw (8–28 days) while OTCs delayed soil thaw (3–13 days). Smaller closed chamber types recorded the largest temperature extremes (up to 20°C higher than ambient) and longest periods (up to 11 h) of above ambient extreme temperatures, and even OTCs had above ambient temperature extremes over up to 5 consecutive hours. The frequency of freeze–thaw events was reduced by ~25%. All chamber types experienced extreme temperature ranges that could negatively affect biological responses, while warming during winter could result in depletion of limited metabolic resources. The effects outside the growing season could be as important in driving biological responses as the mean summer warming. We make suggestions for improving season-specific warming simulations and propose that seasonal and changed temperature patterns achieved under climate manipulations should be recognised explicitly in descriptions of treatment effects.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • ACIA (2005) Arctic climate impact assessment. Cambridge University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Aerts R (2006) The freezer defrosting: global warming and litter decomposition rates in cold biomes. J Ecol 94:713–724

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aerts R, Cornelissen JHC, Dorrepaal E, van Logtestijn RSP, Callaghan TV (2004) Effects of experimentally imposed climate scenarios on flowering phenology and flower production of subarctic bog species. Glob Change Biol 10:1599–1609

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arft AM, Walker MD, Gurevitch J, Alatalo JM, Bret-Harte MS, Dale M, Diemer M, Gugerli F, Henry GHR, Jones MH, Hollister RD, Jónsdóttir IS, Laine K, Lévesque E, Marion GM, Molau U, Mølgaard P, Nordenhäll U, Raszhivin V, Robinson CH, Starr G, Stenström A, Stenström M, Totland Ø, Turner PL, Walker LJ, Webber PJ, Welker JM, Wookey PA (1999) Responses of tundra plants to experimental warming: Meta-analysis of the international tundra experiment. Ecol Monogr 69:491–511

    Google Scholar 

  • Aronson EL, McNulty SG (2009) Appropriate experimental ecosystem warming methods by ecosystem, objective, and practicality. Agric For Meteorol 149:1791–1799

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ayres E, Nkem JN, Wall DH, Adams BJ, Barrett JE, Simmons BL, Virginia RA, Fountain AG (2010) Experimentally increased snow accumulation alters soil moisture and animal community structure in a polar desert. Polar Biol 33:897–907

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bale JS, Worland MR, Block W (2001) Effects of summer frost exposures on the cold tolerance strategy of a sub-Antarctic beetle. J Insect Physiol 47:1161–1167

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benedict JB (1991) Experiments on lichen growth. 2 Effects of a seasonal snow cover. Arct Alp Res 23:189–199

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Block W (1980) Survival strategies in polar terrestrial arthropods. Biol J Linn Soc 14:29–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Block W (1991) To freeze or not to freeze—invertebrate survival of subzero temperatures. Funct Ecol 5:284–290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Block W, Worland MR, Bale J (1998) Respiratory responses to chilling and freezing in two sub-Antarctic insects. Cryobiology 37:163–166

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bokhorst S, Huiskes A, Convey P, Aerts R (2007a) Climate change effects on organic matter decomposition rates in ecosystems from the Maritime Antarctic and Falkland Islands. Glob Change Biol 13:2642–2653

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bokhorst S, Huiskes A, Convey P, Aerts R (2007b) The effect of environmental change on vascular plant and cryptogam communities from the Falkland Islands and the Maritime Antarctic. BMC Ecol 7. doi:10.1186/1472-6785-1187-1115

  • Bokhorst S, Ronfort C, Huiskes A, Convey P, Aerts R (2007c) Food choice of Antarctic soil arthropods clarified by stable isotope signatures. Polar Biol 30:983–990

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bokhorst S, Bjerke JW, Bowles FP, Melillo JM, Callaghan TV, Phoenix GK (2008a) Impacts of extreme winter warming in the sub-Arctic: growing season responses of dwarf-shrub heathland. Glob Change Biol 14:2603–2612

    Google Scholar 

  • Bokhorst S, Huiskes AHL, Convey P, PMv Bodegom, Aerts R (2008b) Climate change effects on soil arthropod communities from the Falkland Islands and the Maritime Antarctic. Soil Biol Biochem 40:1547–1556

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bokhorst S, Bjerke JW, Tømmervik H, Callaghan TV, Phoenix GK (2009) Winter warming events damage sub-Arctic vegetation: consistent evidence from an experimental manipulation and a natural event. J Ecol 97:1408–1415

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bokhorst S, Bjerke JW, Davey M, Taulavuori K, Taulavuori E, Laine K, Callaghan TV, Phoenix GK (2010) Impacts of extreme winter warming events on plant physiology in a sub-Arctic heath community. Physiol Plant 140:128–140

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown SJ, Caesar J, Ferro CAT (2008) Global changes in extreme daily temperature since 1950. J Geophys Res Atmos 113:11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen JH, Hewitson B, Busuioc A, Chen A, Gao X, Held I, Jones R, Kolli RK, Kwon WT, Laprise R, Magaña Rueda V, Mearns L, Menéndez CG, Räisänen J, Rinke A, Sarr A, Whetton P (2007) Regional climate projections. Climate change 2007: the physical science basis. In: Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M et al (eds) Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 847–940

    Google Scholar 

  • Cockell CS, Horneck G, Rettberg P, Facius R, Gugg-Helminger A (2002) Influence of snow and ice covers on UV exposure of Antarctic microbial communities—dosimetric studies. Journal of Photochemical Photobiology 68:23–32

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Convey P (2010) Life history adaptations to polar and alpine environments. In: Denlinger DL, Lee RE (eds) Insects at low temperature. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 297–322

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Convey P, Wynn-Williams DD (2002) Antarctic soil nematode response to artificial climate amelioration. Eur J Soil Biol 38:255–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Convey P, Pugh PJA, Jackson C, Murray AW, Ruhland CT, Xiong FS, Day TA (2002) Response of Antarctic terrestrial microarthropods to long-term climate manipulations. Ecology 83:3130–3140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Convey P, Block W, Peat HJ (2003) Soil arthropods as indicators of water stress in Antarctic terrestrial habitats? Glob Change Biol 9:1718–1730

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Convey P, Bindschadler RA, di Prisco G, Fahrbach E, Gutt J, Hodgson DA, Mayewski P, Summerhayes CP, Turner J (2009) Antarctic climate change and the environment. Antarct Sci 21:541–563

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davey MC (1989) The effects of freezing and desiccation on photosynthesis and survival of terrestrial Antarctic algae and cyanobacteria. Polar Biol 10:29–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davey MC, Rothery P (1997) Interspecific variation in respiratory and photosynthetic parameters in Antarctic bryophytes. New Phytol 137:231–240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Day TA, Ruhland CT, Grobe CW, Xiong F (1999) Growth and reproduction of Antarctic vascular plants in response to warming and UV radiation reductions in the field. Oecologia 119:24–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Day TA, Ruhland CT, Xiong FS (2008) Warming increases aboveground plant biomass and C stocks in vascular-plant-dominated Antarctic tundra. Glob Change Biol 14:1827–1843

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Day TA, Ruhland CT, Strauss SL, Park JH, Krieg ML, Krna MA, Bryant DM (2009) Response of plants and the dominant microarthropod, Cryptopygus antarcticus, to warming and contrasting precipitation regimes in Antarctic tundra. Glob Change Biol 15:1640–1651

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Debevec EM, MacLean SFJ (1993) Design of greenhouses for the manipulation of temperature in tundra plant communities. Arct Alp Res 25:56–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freckman DW, Virginia RA (1997) Low-diversity Antarctic soil nematode communities: distribution and response to disturbance. Ecology 78:363–369

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gaines SD, Denny MW (1993) The largest, smallest, highest, lowest, longest, and shortest—extremes in ecology. Ecology 74:1677–1692

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goddard DG (1982) Feeding biology of free-living acari at Signy Island, South Orkney Islands. Brit Ant Survey Bull 52:290–293

    Google Scholar 

  • Godfree R, Roberston B, Bolger T, Carnegie M, Young A (2011) An improved hexagon open-top chamber system for stable diurnal and nocturnal warming and atmospheric carbon dioxide enrichment. Glob Change Biol 17:439–451

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hawes I (1990) Effects of freezing and thawing on a species of Zygnema (Chlorophyta) from the Antarctic. Phycologia 29:326–331

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayward SAL, Worland MR, Convey P, Bale JS (2003) Temperature preferences of the mite, Alaskozetes antarcticus, and the collembolan, Cryptopygus antarcticus from the maritime Antarctic. Physiol Entomol 28:114–121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henry HAL (2007) Soil freeze-thaw cycle experiments: trends, methodological weaknesses and suggested improvements. Soil Biol Biochem 39:977–986

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hodkinson ID, Coulson SJ, Webb NR, Block W (1996) Can high Arctic soil microarthropods survive elevated summer temperatures? Funct Ecol 10:314–321

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hodkinson ID, Webb NR, Bale JS, Block W, Coulson SJ, Strathdee AT (1998) Global change and Arctic ecosystems: conclusions and predictions from experiments with terrestrial invertebrates on Spitsbergen. Arct Alp Res 30:306–313

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huiskes AHL, Lud D, Moerdijk-Poortvliet TCW (2001) Field research on the effects of UV-B filters on terrestrial Antarctic vegetation. Plant Ecol 154:75–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kappen L (2000) Some aspects of the great success of lichens in Antarctica. Antarct Sci 12:314–324

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kappen L, Sommerkorn M, Schroeter B (1995) Carbon acquisition and water relations of lichens in polar regions—potentials and limitations. Lichenologist 27:531–545

    Google Scholar 

  • Karl TR, Kukla G, Razuvayev VN, Changery MJ, Quayle RG, Heim RR, Easterling DR, Fu CB (1991) Global warming—evidence for asymmetric diurnal temperature change. Geophys Res Lett 18:2253–2256

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy AD (1993) Water as a limiting factor in the Antarctic terrestrial environment—a biogeographical synthesis. Arct Alp Res 25:308–315

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy AD (1994) Simulated climate-change—a field manipulation study of polar microarthropod community response to global warming. Ecography 17:131–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy AD (1995) Simulated climate change are passive greenhouses a valid microcosm for testing biological effects of environmental perturbations. Glob Change Biol 1:29–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy AD (1996) Antarctic fellfield response to climate change: a tripartite synthesis of experimental data. Oecologia 107:141–150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kimball BA, Conley MM, Wang S, Lin X, Luo C, Morgan J, Smith D (2008) Infrared heater arrays for warming ecosystem field plots. Glob Change Biol 14:309–320

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leather SR, Walters KFA, Bale JS (1995) The Ecology of insect overwintering. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Lud D, Huiskes AHL, Moerdijk TCW, Rozema J (2001) The effects of altered levels of UV-B radiation on an Antarctic grass and lichen. Plant Ecol 154:87–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malmstrom A (2008) Temperature tolerance in soil microarthropods: simulation of forest-fire heating in the laboratory. Pedobiologia 51:419–426

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marchand FL, Verlinden M, Kockelbergh F, Graae BJ, Beyens L, Nijs I (2006) Disentangling effects of an experimentally imposed extreme temperature event and naturally associated desiccation on Arctic tundra. Funct Ecol 20:917–928

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marion GM, Henry GHR, Freckman DW, Johnstone J, Jones G, Jones MH, Levesque E, Molau U, Molgaard P, Parsons AN, Svoboda J, Virginia RA (1997) Open-top designs for manipulating field temperature in high-latitude ecosystems. Glob Change Biol 3:20–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall DJ, Newton IP, Crafford JE (1995) Habitat temperature and potential locomotor-activity of the continental antarctic mite, Maudheimia-Petronia Wallwork (Acari, Oribatei). Polar Biol 15:41–46

    Google Scholar 

  • McGaughran A, Redding GP, Stevens MI, Convey P (2009) Temporal metabolic rate variation in a continental Antarctic springtail. J Insect Physiol 55:129–134

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Musil CF, Van Heerden PDR, Cilliers CD, Schmiedel U (2009) Mild experimental climate warming induces metabolic impairment and massive mortalities in southern African quartz field succulents. Environ Exp Bot 66:79–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nakatsubo T (2002) Predicting the impact of climatic warming on the carbon balance of the moss Sanionia uncinata on a maritime Antarctic island. J Plant Res 115:99–106

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newsham KK, Robinson SA (2009) Responses of plants in polar regions to UVB exposure: a meta-analysis. Glob Change Biol 15:2574–2589

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson SA, Wasley J, Tobin AK (2003) Living on the edge—plants and global change in continental and maritime Antarctica. Glob Change Biol 9:1681–1717

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rustad LE, Campbell JL, Marion GM, Norby RJ, Mitchell MJ, Hartley AE, Cornelissen JHC, Gurevitch J (2001) A meta-analysis of the response of soil respiration, net nitrogen mineralisation, and aboveground plant growth to experimental ecosystem warming. Oecologia 126:543–562

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schimel JP, Bilbrough C, Welker JA (2004) Increased snow depth affects microbial activity and nitrogen mineralisation in two Arctic tundra communities. Soil Biol Biochem 36:217–227

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schroeter B (1994) In situ photosynthetic differentiation of the green algal and the cyanobacterial photobiont in the crustose lichen Placopsis contortuplicata. Oecologia 98:212–220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schroeter B, Kaplan SL, Schulz F, Sancho LG (2000) Seasonal variation in the carbon balance of lichens in the maritime antarctic: long-term measurements of photosynthetic activity in Usnea aurantiaco-atra. In: Davidson W, Howard-Williams C, Broady P (eds) Antarctic ecosystems: models for wider ecological understanding. The Caxton Press, Christchurch, pp 258–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaver GR, Canadell J, Chapin FS, Gurevitch J, Harte J, Henry G, Ineson P, Jonasson S, Melillo J, Pitelka L, Rustad L (2000) Global warming and terrestrial ecosystems: a conceptual framework for analysis. Bioscience 50:871–882

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simmons BL, Wall DH, Adams BJ, Ayres E, Barrett JE, Virginia RA (2009) Long-term experimental warming reduces soil nematode populations in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Soil Biol Biochem 41:2052–2060

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair BJ (2002) Effects of increased temperatures simulating climate change on terrestrial invertebrates on Ross Island, Antarctica. Pedobiologia 46:150–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair BJ, Chown SL (2005) Deleterious effects of repeated cold exposure in a freeze-tolerant sub-Antarctic caterpillar. J Exp Biol 208:869–879

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair BJ, Klok CJ, Scott MB, Terblanche JS, Chown SL (2003a) Diurnal variation in supercooling points of three species of Collembola from Cape Hallett, Antarctica. J Insect Physiol 49:1049–1061

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair BJ, Vernon P, Klok CJ, Chown SL (2003b) Insects at low temperatures: an ecological perspective. Trends Ecol Evol 18:257–262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair BJ, Terblanche JS, Scott MB, Blatch GL, Klok CJ, Chown SL (2006) Environmental physiology of three species of Collembola at Cape Hallett, North Victoria Land, Antarctica. J Insect Physiol 52:29–50

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith RIL (1994) Vascular plants as bioindicators of regional warming in Antarctica. Oecologia 99:322–328

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sømme L (1986) Ecology of Cryptopygus sverdrupi (Insecta: Collembola) from Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. Polar Biol 6:179–184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sturm M, Schimel J, Michaelson GJ, Welker JA, Oberbauer SF, Liston GE, Fahnestock JT, Romanovsky VE (2005) Winter biological processes could help convert Arctic tundra to shrub land. Bioscience 55:17–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tilbrook PJ (1970) The biology of Cryptopygus antarcticus. In: Holdgate MW (ed) Antarctic ecology, vol 2. Academic Press, London, pp 908–919

    Google Scholar 

  • Treonis AM, Wall DH, Virginia RA (2000) The use of anhydrobiosis by soil nematodes in the Antarctic Dry Valleys. Funct Ecol 14:460–467

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Treonis AM, Wall DH, Virginia RA (2002) Field and microcosm studies of decomposition and soil biota in a cold desert soil. Ecosystems 5:159–170

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner J, Bindschadler R, Convey P, di Prisco G, Fahrbach E, Gutt J, Hodgson D, Mayewski P, Summerhayes C (2009) Antarctic climate change and the environment. Scientific committee on Antarctic research. Victoire Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Wan SQ, Xia JY, Liu WX, Niu SL (2009) Photosynthetic overcompensation under nocturnal warming enhances grassland carbon sequestration. Ecology 90:2700–2710

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Webb NR, Coulson SJ, Hodkinson ID, Block W, Bale JS, Strathdee AT (1998) The effects of experimental temperature elevation on populations of cryptostigmatic mites in high Arctic soils. Pedobiologia 42:298–308

    Google Scholar 

  • Wipf S, Rixen C (2010) A review of snow manipulation experiments in Arctic and alpine tundra ecosystems. Polar Res 29:95–109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wookey PA, Parsons AN, Welker JM, Potter JA, Callaghan TV, Lee JA, Press MC (1993) Comparative responses of phenology and reproductive development to simulated environmental-change in sub-arctic and high arctic plants. Oikos 67:490–502

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wynn-Williams DD (1992) BIOTAS Manual of methods for Antarctic terrestrial and freshwater research. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research

  • Wynn-Williams DD (1996) Response of pioneer soil microalgal colonists to environmental change in Antarctica. Microb Ecol 31(2):177–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xia J, Han Y, Zhang Z, Wan S (2009) Effects of diurnal warming on soil respiration are not equal to the summed effects of day and night warming in a temperate steppe. Biogeosciences 6:1361–1370

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiong FS, Ruhland CT, Day TA (1999) Photosynthetic temperature response of the Antarctic vascular plants Colobanthus quitensis and Deschampsia antarctica. Physiol Plant 106:276–286

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young SR, Block W (1980) Some factors affecting metabolic-rate in an Antarctic Mite. Oikos 34:178–185

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zwally HJ, Giovinetto MB, Li J, Cornejo HG, Beckley MA, Brenner AC, Saba JL, Yi DH (2005) Mass changes of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets and shelves and contributions to sea-level rise: 1992–2002. J Glaciol 51:509–527

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work is an output of the IPY project TARANTELLA (Rilland the Netherlands 2006). We thank these colleagues for their insights and access to data. Research was financially supported by the Netherlands Polar Programme (NPP-NWO 851.20.016), BAS ‘Polar Science for Planet Earth’ core science programme, Antarctica, New Zealand, the National Geographic Society’s Committee for Research and Exploration, and the University of Otago, French Polar Institute (IPEV through Programmes 136 ECOBIO and 405 DIVCRO), the CNRS (Zone Atelier Recherche sur l’Environnement Antarctique et Subantarctique), the NSF OPP, and the McMurdo LTER. Thanks to many field assistants and David Wharton for support and discussion. Data from Signy and Alexander Island (closed and ventilated chambers) were provided by the British Antarctic Survey, Antarctic Microclimate Data (GB/NERC/BAS/AEDC/00002). This paper contributes to the SCAR ‘Evolution and Biodiversity in Antarctica’ scientific research programme.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK

    Stef Bokhorst

  2. Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Unit for Polar Ecology, P.O. Box 140, 4400 AC, Yerseke, The Netherlands

    Ad Huiskes

  3. British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK

    Peter Convey

  4. Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street North, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada

    Brent J. Sinclair

  5. UMR 6553 Ecobio CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Station Biologique, 35380, Paimpont, France

    Marc Lebouvier

  6. Department of Cryptogamy (Bryophyta and Thallophyta), National Botanic Garden of Belgium, Domein van Bouchout, 1860, Meise, Belgium

    Bart Van de Vijver

  7. Department of Biology and Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA

    Diana H. Wall

Authors
  1. Stef Bokhorst
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ad Huiskes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Peter Convey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Brent J. Sinclair
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Marc Lebouvier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Bart Van de Vijver
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Diana H. Wall
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Stef Bokhorst.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 14 kb)

300_2011_997_MOESM2_ESM.tif

Effect of chamber types on monthly mean soil surface temperatures in the Antarctic. Temperature difference between chambers and control outside is shown on the y-axis. Chamber types: closed chambers (a-d), ventilated chambers (e and f), and OTCs (g-j) (TIFF 1547 kb)

300_2011_997_MOESM3_ESM.tif

Monthly mean, minimum and maximum soil temperatures at 5 cm depth with chamber and control plots. Range bars are minimum and maximum monthly temperatures, grey bars are chambers and the black with wider end caps are control values. Note that the chamber data points are slightly offset from the x-axis (TIFF 1318 kb)

300_2011_997_MOESM4_ESM.tif

Monthly mean, minimum and maximum soil surface temperatures with chamber and control plots. Range bars are minimum and maximum monthly temperatures, grey bars are chambers and the black with wider end caps are control values. Note that the chamber data points are slightly offset from the x-axis (TIFF 1449 kb)

300_2011_997_MOESM5_ESM.tif

Freeze–thaw events in and outside warming chambers in the Antarctic throughout the year. Freeze–thaw events were calculated from hourly data obtained from temperature sensors at the soil surface. Chamber types: closed chambers (a-d), ventilated chambers (e and f), and OTCs (g-j) (TIFF 1521 kb)

Supplementary material 6 (DOC 46 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bokhorst, S., Huiskes, A., Convey, P. et al. Microclimate impacts of passive warming methods in Antarctica: implications for climate change studies. Polar Biol 34, 1421–1435 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-011-0997-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-011-0997-y

Keywords

search

Navigation