Abstract
Rising atmospheric CO2 is a key driver of climate change, intensifying drastic changes in meteorological parameters. Plants can sense and respond to changes in environmental parameters including atmospheric CO2 and temperatures. High temperatures beyond the physiological threshold can significantly affect plant growth and development and thus attenuate crop productivity. However, elevated atmospheric CO2 can mitigate the deleterious effects of heat stress on plants. Despite a large body of literature supporting the positive impact of elevated CO2 on thermotolerance, the underlying biological mechanisms and precise molecular pathways that lead to enhanced tolerance to heat stress remain largely unclear. Under heat stress, elevated CO2-induced expression of respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOHs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling play a critical role in stomatal movement, which optimizes gas exchange to enhance photosynthesis and water use efficiency. Notably, elevated CO2 also fortifies antioxidant defense and redox homeostasis to alleviate heat-induced oxidative damage. Both hormone-dependent and independent pathways have been shown to mediate high CO2-induced thermotolerance. The activation of heat-shock factors and subsequent expression of heat-shock proteins are thought to be the essential mechanism downstream of hormone and ROS signaling. Here we review the role of phytohormones in plant response to high atmospheric CO2 and temperatures. We also discuss the potential mechanisms of elevated CO2-induced thermotolerance by focusing on several key phytohormones such as ethylene. Finally, we address some limitations of our current understanding and the need for further research to unveil the yet-unknown crosstalk between plant hormones in mediating high CO2-induced thermotolerance in plants.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
AbdElgawad H, Farfan-Vignolo ER, de Vos D, Asard H (2015) Elevated CO2 mitigates drought and temperature-induced oxidative stress differently in grasses and legumes. Plant Sci 231:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.11.001
AbdElgawad H, Zinta G, Beemster GT, Janssens IA, Asard H (2016) Future climate CO2 levels mitigate stress impact on plants: Increased defense or decreased challenge? Front Plant Sci 7:556. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00556
Ahammed GJ, Li X, Yu J, Shi K (2015) NPR1-dependent salicylic acid signaling is not involved in elevated CO2-induced heat stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Signal Behav 10(6):e1011944. https://doi.org/10.1080/15592324.2015.1011944
Ahammed GJ, Li X, Zhou J, Zhou Y-H, Yu J-Q (2016) Role of hormones in plant adaptation to heat stress. Plant Hormones under Chall Environm Factors. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7758-2_1
Ahammed GJ, Xu W, Liu A, Chen S (2018) COMT1 Silencing aggravates heat stress-induced reduction in photosynthesis by decreasing chlorophyll content, photosystem ii activity, and electron transport efficiency in tomato. Front Plant Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00998
Ahammed GJ, Xu W, Liu A, Chen S (2019) Endogenous melatonin deficiency aggravates high temperature-induced oxidative stress in Solanum lycopersicum L. Environ Exp Bot 161:303–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2018.06.006
Ahammed GJ, Gantait S, Mitra M, Yang Y, Li X (2020a) Role of ethylene crosstalk in seed germination and early seedling development: A review. Plant Physiol Biochem 151:124–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.03.016
Ahammed GJ, Li X, Liu A, Chen S (2020b) Physiological and defense responses of tea plants to elevated CO2: a review. Front Plant Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00305
Ahmad P, Rasool S, Gul A, Sheikh SA, Akram NA, Ashraf M, Kazi AM, Gucel S (2016) Jasmonates: multifunctional roles in stress tolerance. Front Plant Sci 7:813. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00813
Ahmad P, Tripathi DK, Deshmukh R, Pratap Singh V, Corpas FJ (2019) Revisiting the role of ROS and RNS in plants under changing environment. Environ Exp Bot 161:1–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2019.02.017
Albihlal WS, Obomighie I, Blein T, Persad R, Chernukhin I, Crespi M, Bechtold U, Mullineaux PM (2018) Arabidopsis heat shock transcription factora1b regulates multiple developmental genes under benign and stress conditions. J Exp Bot 69(11):2847–2862. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ery142
Banerjee A, Roychoudhury A (2018) Small heat shock proteins. In: Plant metabolites and regulation under environmental stress. pp 367–376.https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-812689-9.00019-4
Berens ML, Wolinska KW, Spaepen S, Ziegler J, Nobori T, Nair A, Kruler V, Winkelmuller TM, Wang Y, Mine A, Becker D, Garrido-Oter R, Schulze-Lefert P, Tsuda K (2019) Balancing trade-offs between biotic and abiotic stress responses through leaf age-dependent variation in stress hormone cross-talk. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 116(6):2364–2373. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817233116
Borjas-Ventura R, Ferraudo AS, Martínez CA, Gratão PL (2019) Global warming: Antioxidant responses to deal with drought and elevated temperature in Stylosanthes capitata, a forage legume. J Agron Crop Sci 206(1):13–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12367
Brestic M, Zivcak M, Hauptvogel P, Misheva S, Kocheva K, Yang X, Li X, Allakhverdiev SI (2018) Wheat plant selection for high yields entailed improvement of leaf anatomical and biochemical traits including tolerance to non-optimal temperature conditions. Photosynth Res 136(2):245–255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-018-0486-z
Cassia R, Nocioni M, Correa-Aragunde N, Lamattina L (2018) Climate change and the impact of greenhouse gasses: CO2 and NO, friends and foes of plant oxidative stress. Front Plant Sci 9:273. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00273
Clarke SM, Mur LA, Wood JE, Scott IM (2004) Salicylic acid dependent signaling promotes basal thermotolerance but is not essential for acquired thermotolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 38(3):432–447. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2004.02054.x
Clarke SM, Cristescu SM, Miersch O, Harren FJM, Wasternack C, Mur LAJ (2009) Jasmonates act with salicylic acid to confer basal thermotolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. New Phytol 182(1):175–187. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02735.x
DaMatta FM, Avila RT, Cardoso AA, Martins SCV, Ramalho JC (2018) Physiological and agronomic performance of the coffee crop in the context of climate change and global warming: A review. J Agric Food Chem 66(21):5264–5274. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04537
Desaint H, Aoun N, Deslandes L, Vailleau F, Roux F, Berthome R (2021) Fight hard or die trying: when plants face pathogens under heat stress. New Phytol 229(2):712–734. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16965
Ding H, Mo S, Qian Y, Yuan G, Wu X, Ge C (2020) Integrated proteome and transcriptome analyses revealed key factors involved in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) under high temperature stress. Food Energy Secur. https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.239
Dubois M, Van den Broeck L, Inze D (2018) The pivotal role of ethylene in plant growth. Trends Plant Sci 23(4):311–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2018.01.003
Engineer CB, Hashimoto-Sugimoto M, Negi J, Israelsson-Nordstrom M, Azoulay-Shemer T, Rappel WJ, Iba K, Schroeder JI (2016) CO2 sensing and CO2 regulation of stomatal conductance: advances and open questions. Trends Plant Sci 21(1):16–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2015.08.014
Fang L, Abdelhakim LOA, Hegelund JN, Li S, Liu J, Peng X, Li X, Wei Z, Liu F (2019) ABA-mediated regulation of leaf and root hydraulic conductance in tomato grown at elevated CO2 is associated with altered gene expression of aquaporins. Hortic Res 6:104. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-019-0187-6
Gamage D, Thompson M, Sutherland M, Hirotsu N, Makino A, Seneweera S (2018) New insights into the cellular mechanisms of plant growth at elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Plant Cell Environ 41(6):1233–1246. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.13206
Gangappa SN, Botto JF (2016) The multifaceted roles of HY5 in plant growth and development. Mol Plant 9(10):1353–1365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2016.07.002
Geiss G, Gutierrez L, Bellini C (2018) Adventitious root formation: new insights and perspectives. In: Annual Plant Reviews online. pp 127–156. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119312994.apr0400
Geng S, Misra BB, de Armas E, Huhman DV, Alborn HT, Sumner LW, Chen S (2016) Jasmonate-mediated stomatal closure under elevated CO2 revealed by time-resolved metabolomics. Plant J 88(6):947–962. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.13296
Hasan MM, Gong L, Nie Z-F, Li F-P, Ahammed GJ, Fang X-W (2021) ABA-induced stomatal movements in vascular plants during dehydration and rehydration. Environ Exp Bot. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2021.104436
Hasanuzzaman M, Bhuyan M, Parvin K, Bhuiyan TF, Anee TI, Nahar K, Hossen MS, Zulfiqar F, Alam MM, Fujita M (2020) Regulation of ROS metabolism in plants under environmental stress: a review of recent experimental evidence. Int J Mol Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228695
Herrbach V, Chirinos X, Rengel D, Agbevenou K, Vincent R, Pateyron S, Huguet S, Balzergue S, Pasha A, Provart N, Gough C, Bensmihen S (2017) Nod factors potentiate auxin signaling for transcriptional regulation and lateral root formation in Medicago truncatula. J Exp Bot 68(3):569–583. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erw474
Horváth E, Szalai G, Janda T (2007) Induction of abiotic stress tolerance by salicylic acid signaling. J Plant Growth Regul 26(3):290–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-007-9017-4
Hu Y, Vandenbussche F, Van Der Straeten D (2017) Regulation of seedling growth by ethylene and the ethylene-auxin crosstalk. Planta 245(3):467–489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-017-2651-6
Hu S, Ding Y, Zhu C (2020) Sensitivity and responses of chloroplasts to heat stress in plants. Front Plant Sci 11:375. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00375
Hu Z, Ma Q, Foyer CH, Lei C, Choi HW, Zheng C, Li J, Zuo J, Mao Z, Mei Y, Yu J, Klessig DF, Shi K (2021) High CO2 - and pathogen-driven expression of the carbonic anhydrase betaCA3 confers basal immunity in tomato. New Phytol 229(5):2827–2843. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.17087
IPCC (2014) Climate change 2014: synthesis report. Contribution of working groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. IPCC, Cambridge University Press, Geneva
Iqbal N, Khan NA, Ferrante A, Trivellini A, Francini A, Khan MIR (2017) Ethylene role in plant growth, development and senescence: interaction with other phytohormones. Front Plant Sci 8:475. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00475
Jacob P, Hirt H, Bendahmane A (2017) The heat-shock protein/chaperone network and multiple stress resistance. Plant Biotechnol J 15(4):405–414. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.12659
Jayawardena DM, Heckathorn SA, Bista DR, Mishra S, Boldt JK, Krause CR (2017) Elevated CO2 plus chronic warming reduce nitrogen uptake and levels or activities of nitrogen-uptake and -assimilatory proteins in tomato roots. Physiol Plant 159(3):354–365. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.12532
Jha UC, Nayyar H, Siddique KHM (2021) Role of phytohormones in regulating heat stress acclimation in agricultural crops. J Plant Growth Regul. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-021-10362-x
Johansson KSL, El-Soda M, Pagel E, Meyer RC, Toldsepp K, Nilsson AK, Brosche M, Kollist H, Uddling J, Andersson MX (2020) Genetic controls of short- and long-term stomatal CO2 responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Ann Bot 126(1):179–190. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa065
Kaur H, Sirhindi G, Bhardwaj R, Alyemeni MN, Siddique KHM, Ahmad P (2018) 28-homobrassinolide regulates antioxidant enzyme activities and gene expression in response to salt- and temperature-induced oxidative stress in Brassica juncea. Sci Rep 8(1):8735. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-27032-w
Kaya C, Ashraf M, Alyemeni MN, Corpas FJ, Ahmad P (2020) Salicylic acid-induced nitric oxide enhances arsenic toxicity tolerance in maize plants by upregulating the ascorbate-glutathione cycle and glyoxalase system. J Hazard Mater 399:123020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123020
Kazan K (2015) Diverse roles of jasmonates and ethylene in abiotic stress tolerance. Trends Plant Sci 20(4):219–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2015.02.001
Kazan K (2018) Plant-biotic interactions under elevated CO2: A molecular perspective. Environ Exp Bot 153:249–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2018.06.005
Klay I, Gouia S, Liu M, Mila I, Khoudi H, Bernadac A, Bouzayen M, Pirrello J (2018) Ethylene Response Factors (ERF) are differentially regulated by different abiotic stress types in tomato plants. Plant Sci 274:137–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.05.023
Kohli SK, Khanna K, Bhardwaj R, Abd Allah EF, Ahmad P, Corpas FJ (2019) Assessment of subcellular ROS and NO metabolism in higher plants: multifunctional signaling molecules. Antioxidants. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8120641
Kumari VV, Roy A, Vijayan R, Banerjee P, Verma VC, Nalia A, Pramanik M, Mukherjee B, Ghosh A, Reja MH, Chandran MAS, Nath R, Skalicky M, Brestic M, Hossain A (2021) Drought and heat stress in cool-season food legumes in sub-tropical regions: consequences, adaptation, and mitigation strategies. Plants (basel). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10061038
Kwon CT, Paek NC (2016) Gibberellic acid: a key phytohormone for spikelet fertility in rice grain production. Int J Mol Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17050794
Larkindale J, Knight MR (2002) Protection against heat stress-induced oxidative damage in Arabidopsis involves calcium, abscisic acid, ethylene, and salicylic acid. Plant Physiol 128(2):682–695. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.010320
Lavania D, Dhingra A, Grover A (2018) Analysis of transactivation potential of rice (Oryza sativa L.) heat shock factors. Planta 247(6):1267–1276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-018-2865-2
Lee S, Paik I, Huq E (2020a) SPAs promote thermomorphogenesis by regulating the phyB-PIF4 module in Arabidopsis. Development. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.189233
Lee YH, Sang WG, Baek JK, Kim JH, Shin P, Seo MC, Cho JI (2020b) The effect of concurrent elevation in CO2 and temperature on the growth, photosynthesis, and yield of potato crops. PLoS ONE 15(10):e0241081. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241081
Li Z, Howell SH (2021) Heat stress responses and thermotolerance in maize. Int J Mol Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020948
Li X, Ahammed GJ, Zhang YQ, Zhang GQ, Sun ZH, Zhou J, Zhou YH, Xia XJ, Yu JQ, Shi K (2015) Carbon dioxide enrichment alleviates heat stress by improving cellular redox homeostasis through an ABA-independent process in tomato plants. Plant Biol (stuttg) 17(1):81–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12211
Li H, Ahammed GJ, Zhou G, Xia X, Zhou J, Shi K, Yu J, Zhou Y (2016a) Unraveling main limiting sites of photosynthesis under below- and above-ground heat stress in cucumber and the alleviatory role of luffa rootstock. Front Plant Sci 7:746. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00746
Li X, Ahammed GJ, Li Z, Tang M, Yan P, Han W (2016b) Decreased biosynthesis of jasmonic acid via lipoxygenase pathway compromised caffeine-induced resistance to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides under elevated CO2 in tea seedlings. Phytopathology 106(11):1270–1277. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-12-15-0336-R
Li X, Brestic M, Tan DX, Zivcak M, Zhu X, Liu S, Song F, Reiter RJ, Liu F (2018a) Melatonin alleviates low PS I-limited carbon assimilation under elevated CO2 and enhances the cold tolerance of offspring in chlorophyll b-deficient mutant wheat. J Pineal Res. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpi.12453
Li X, Zhang L, Ahammed GJ, Li Y-T, Wei J-P, Yan P, Zhang L-P, Han X, Han W-Y (2018b) Salicylic acid acts upstream of nitric oxide in elevated carbon dioxide-induced flavonoid biosynthesis in tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.). Environ Exp Bot 161:367–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2018.11.012
Li L, Wang M, Pokharel SS, Li C, Parajulee MN, Chen F, Fang W (2019a) Effects of elevated CO2 on foliar soluble nutrients and functional components of tea, and population dynamics of tea aphid, Toxoptera aurantii. Plant Physiol Biochem 145:84–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.10.023
Li X, Kristiansen K, Rosenqvist E, Liu F (2019b) Elevated CO2 modulates the effects of drought and heat stress on plant water relations and grain yield in wheat. J Agron Crop Sci 205(4):362–371. https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12330
Li S, Li X, Wei Z, Liu F (2020a) ABA-mediated modulation of elevated CO2 on stomatal response to drought. Curr Opin Plant Biol 56:174–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2019.12.002
Li Z, Tang J, Srivastava R, Bassham DC, Howell SH (2020b) The transcription factor bZIP60 links the unfolded protein response to the heat stress response in maize. Plant Cell 32(11):3559–3575. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.20.00260
Li D, Wang M, Zhang T, Chen X, Li C, Liu Y, Brestic M, Chen THH, Yang X (2021a) Glycinebetaine mitigated the photoinhibition of photosystem II at high temperature in transgenic tomato plants. Photosynth Res 147(3):301–315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-020-00810-2
Li G, Hu S, Zhao X, Kumar S, Li Y, Yang J, Hou H (2021b) Mechanisms of the morphological plasticity induced by phytohormones and the environment in plants. Int J Mol Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020765
Lin J, Zhu Z (2021) Plant responses to high temperature: a view from pre-mRNA alternative splicing. Plant Mol Biol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-021-01117-z
Liu J, Zhang C, Wei C, Liu X, Wang M, Yu F, Xie Q, Tu J (2016) The RING finger ubiquitin E3 ligase OsHTAS enhances heat tolerance by promoting H2O2-induced stomatal closure in rice. Plant Physiol 170(1):429–443. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.15.00879
Lopez-Ruiz BA, Zluhan-Martinez E, Sanchez MP, Alvarez-Buylla ER, Garay-Arroyo A (2020) Interplay between Hormones and several abiotic stress conditions on Arabidopsis thaliana primary root development. Cells. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9122576
Ma X, Bai L (2021) Elevated CO2 and Reactive oxygen species in stomatal closure. Plants (basel). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020410
Mazorra LM, Holton N, Bishop GJ, Nunez M (2011) Heat shock response in tomato brassinosteroid mutants indicates that thermotolerance is independent of brassinosteroid homeostasis. Plant Physiol Biochem 49(12):1420–1428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.09.005
Merret R, Carpentier MC, Favory JJ, Picart C, Descombin J, Bousquet-Antonelli C, Tillard P, Lejay L, Deragon JM, Charng YY (2017) Heat Shock Protein HSP101 affects the release of ribosomal protein mRNAs for recovery after heat shock. Plant Physiol 174(2):1216–1225. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.17.00269
Noctor G, Mhamdi A (2017) Climate change, CO2, and defense: The metabolic, redox, and signaling perspectives. Trends Plant Sci 22(10):857–870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2017.07.007
Ogasawara Y, Kaya H, Hiraoka G, Yumoto F, Kimura S, Kadota Y, Hishinuma H, Senzaki E, Yamagoe S, Nagata K, Nara M, Suzuki K, Tanokura M, Kuchitsu K (2008) Synergistic activation of the Arabidopsis NADPH oxidase AtrbohD by Ca2+ and phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 283(14):8885–8892. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M708106200
Ohama N, Sato H, Shinozaki K, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K (2017) Transcriptional regulatory network of plant heat stress response. Trends Plant Sci 22(1):53–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2016.08.015
Omoarelojie LO, Kulkarni MG, Finnie JF, Pospisil T, Strnad M, Van Staden J (2020) Synthetic strigolactone (rac-GR24) alleviates the adverse effects of heat stress on seed germination and photosystem II function in lupine seedlings. Plant Physiol Biochem 155:965–979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.07.043
Pan C, Ahammed GJ, Li X, Shi K (2018) Elevated CO2 improves photosynthesis under high temperature by attenuating the functional limitations to energy fluxes, electron transport and redox homeostasis in tomato leaves. Front Plant Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01739
Pan C, Zhang H, Ma Q, Fan F, Fu R, Ahammed GJ, Yu J, Shi K (2019) Role of ethylene biosynthesis and signaling in elevated CO2-induced heat stress response in tomato. Planta. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-019-03192-5
Poor P, Nawaz K, Gupta R, Ashfaque F, Khan MIR (2021) Ethylene involvement in the regulation of heat stress tolerance in plants. Plant Cell Rep. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-021-02675-8
Raja V, Qadir SU, Alyemeni MN, Ahmad P (2020) Impact of drought and heat stress individually and in combination on physio-biochemical parameters, antioxidant responses, and gene expression in Solanum lycopersicum. Biotech 10(5):208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-020-02206-4
Rao MV, Hale BA, Ormrod DP (1995) Amelioration of ozone-induced oxidative damage in Wheat plants grown under high carbon dioxide (Role of antioxidant enzymes). Plant Physiol 109(2):421–432
Ren Z, Liu R, Gu W, Dong X (2017) The Solanum lycopersicum auxin response factor SlARF2 participates in regulating lateral root formation and flower organ senescence. Plant Sci 256:103–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.12.008
Selim S, Abuelsoud W, Al-Sanea MM, AbdElgawad H (2021) Elevated CO2 differently suppresses the arsenic oxide nanoparticles-induced stress in C3 (Hordeum vulgare) and C4 (Zea maize) plants via altered homeostasis in metabolites specifically proline and anthocyanin metabolism. Plant Physiol Biochem 166:235–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.05.036
Shi K, Li X, Zhang H, Zhang G, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Xia X, Chen Z, Yu J (2015) Guard cell hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide mediate elevated CO2 -induced stomatal movement in tomato. New Phytol 208(2):342–353. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13621
Sun AZ, Guo FQ (2016) Chloroplast retrograde regulation of heat stress responses in plants. Front Plant Sci 7:398. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00398
Teng N, Wang J, Chen T, Wu X, Wang Y, Lin J (2006) Elevated CO2 induces physiological, biochemical and structural changes in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. New Phytol 172(1):92–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01818.x
Toh S, Kamiya Y, Kawakami N, Nambara E, McCourt P, Tsuchiya Y (2012) Thermoinhibition uncovers a role for strigolactones in Arabidopsis seed germination. Plant Cell Physiol 53(1):107–117. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcr176
Verma V, Ravindran P, Kumar PP (2016) Plant hormone-mediated regulation of stress responses. BMC Plant Biol 16:86. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-016-0771-y
Wang QL, Chen JH, He NY, Guo FQ (2018) Metabolic reprogramming in chloroplasts under heat stress in plants. Int J Mol Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19030849
Waszczak C, Carmody M, Kangasjarvi J (2018) Reactive oxygen species in plant signaling. Annu Rev Plant Biol 69:209–236. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040322
Wei H, Gou J, Yordanov Y, Zhang H, Thakur R, Jones W, Burton A (2013) Global transcriptomic profiling of aspen trees under elevated [CO2] to identify potential molecular mechanisms responsible for enhanced radial growth. J Plant Res 126(2):305–320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-012-0524-4
Wu C, Cui K, Wang W, Li Q, Fahad S, Hu Q, Huang J, Nie L, Mohapatra PK, Peng S (2017) Heat-induced cytokinin transportation and degradation are associated with reduced panicle cytokinin expression and fewer spikelets per panicle in rice. Front Plant Sci 8:371. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00371
Wu F, Sun X, Zou B, Zhu P, Lin N, Lin J, Ji K (2019) Transcriptional analysis of masson pine (Pinus massoniana) under high CO2 stress. Genes (basel). https://doi.org/10.3390/genes10100804
Xia XJ, Zhou YH, Shi K, Zhou J, Foyer CH, Yu JQ (2015) Interplay between reactive oxygen species and hormones in the control of plant development and stress tolerance. J Exp Bot 66(10):2839–2856. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erv089
Xu Z, Jiang Y, Zhou G (2015) Response and adaptation of photosynthesis, respiration, and antioxidant systems to elevated CO2 with environmental stress in plants. Front Plant Sci 6:701. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00701
Xu W, Cai SY, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Ahammed GJ, Xia XJ, Shi K, Zhou YH, Yu JQ, Reiter RJ, Zhou J (2016) Melatonin enhances thermotolerance by promoting cellular protein protection in tomato plants. J Pineal Res 61(4):457–469. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpi.12359
Yan K, Chen P, Shao H, Shao C, Zhao S, Brestic M (2013) Dissection of photosynthetic electron transport process in sweet sorghum under heat stress. PLoS ONE 8(5):e62100. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062100
Yu J, Yang Z, Jespersen D, Huang B (2014) Photosynthesis and protein metabolism associated with elevated CO2-mitigation of heat stress damages in tall fescue. Environ Exp Bot 99:75–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2013.09.007
Zhang S, Li X, Sun Z, Shao S, Hu L, Ye M, Zhou Y, Xia X, Yu J, Shi K (2015) Antagonism between phytohormone signalling underlies the variation in disease susceptibility of tomato plants under elevated CO2. J Exp Bot 66(7):1951–1963. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eru538
Zhang M, Smith JA, Harberd NP, Jiang C (2016) The regulatory roles of ethylene and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant salt stress responses. Plant Mol Biol 91(6):651–659. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-016-0488-1
Zhang X, Hogy P, Wu X, Schmid I, Wang X, Schulze WX, Jiang D, Fangmeier A (2018) Physiological and proteomic evidence for the interactive effects of post-anthesis heat stress and elevated CO2 on wheat. Proteomics 18(23):e1800262. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.201800262
Zhang H, Pan C, Gu S, Ma Q, Zhang Y, Li X, Shi K (2019) Stomatal movements are involved in elevated CO2-mitigated high temperature stress in tomato. Physiol Plant 165(3):569–583. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.12752
Zhou J, Wang J, Li X, Xia XJ, Zhou YH, Shi K, Chen Z, Yu JQ (2014) H2O2 mediates the crosstalk of brassinosteroid and abscisic acid in tomato responses to heat and oxidative stresses. J Exp Bot 65(15):4371–4383. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eru217
Zhou Y, Ge S, Jin L, Yao K, Wang Y, Wu X, Zhou J, Xia X, Shi K, Foyer CH, Yu J (2019a) A novel CO2 -responsive systemic signaling pathway controlling plant mycorrhizal symbiosis. New Phytol 224(1):106–116. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15917
Zhou Y, Van Leeuwen SK, Pieterse CMJ, Bakker PAHM, Van Wees SCM (2019b) Effect of atmospheric CO2 on plant defense against leaf and root pathogens of Arabidopsis. Eur J Plant Pathol 154(1):31–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-019-01706-1
Zhou R, Yu X, Wen J, Jensen NB, Dos Santos TM, Wu Z, Rosenqvist E, Ottosen CO (2020) Interactive effects of elevated CO2 concentration and combined heat and drought stress on tomato photosynthesis. BMC Plant Biol 20(1):260. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-020-02457-6
Zinta G, AbdElgawad H, Domagalska MA, Vergauwen L, Knapen D, Nijs I, Janssens IA, Beemster GT, Asard H (2014) Physiological, biochemical, and genome-wide transcriptional analysis reveals that elevated CO2 mitigates the impact of combined heat wave and drought stress in Arabidopsis thaliana at multiple organizational levels. Glob Chang Biol 20(12):3670–3685. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12626
Zinta G, AbdElgawad H, Peshev D, Weedon JT, Van den Ende W, Nijs I, Janssens IA, Beemster GTS, Asard H (2018) Dynamics of metabolic responses to periods of combined heat and drought in Arabidopsis thaliana under ambient and elevated atmospheric CO2. J Exp Bot 69(8):2159–2170. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ery055
Acknowledgements
Research in the authors’ laboratories was supported by the Major Discipline Academic and Technical Leaders Training Program of Jiangxi Province, China-Young Talents Project (20204BCJL23044), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32002030, 31950410555), and Henan University of Science and Technology Research Start-up Fund for New Faculty (13480058, 13480070).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Golam Jalal Ahammed: conceptualization, writing—original draft, writing—review & editing, funding acquisition. Yelan Guang: writing—original draft; Youxing Yang: conceptualization, writing—original draft, writing—review & editing, funding acquisition, project administration. Jinyin Chen, conceptualization, writing—original draft, writing—review & editing, funding acquisition, project administration.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Communicated by Manzer H. Siddiqui.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ahammed, G.J., Guang, Y., Yang, Y. et al. Mechanisms of elevated CO2-induced thermotolerance in plants: the role of phytohormones. Plant Cell Rep 40, 2273–2286 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-021-02751-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-021-02751-z