Abstract
Heat stress adversely affects plants growth potential. Global warming is reported to increase in the intensity, frequency, and duration of heatwaves, eventually affecting ecology, agriculture and economy. With an expected increase in average temperature by 2–3 °C over the next 30–50 years, crop production is facing a severe threat to sub-optimum growth conditions. Abscisic acid (ABA) and nitric oxide (NO) are growth regulators that are involved in the adaptation to heat stress by affecting each other and changing the adaptation process. The interaction between these molecules has been discussed in various studies in general or under stress conditions; however, regarding high temperature, their interaction has little been worked out. In the present review, the focus is shifted on the role of these molecules under heat stress emphasizing the different possible interactions between ABA and NO as both regulate stomatal closure and other molecules including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), antioxidants, proline, glycine betaine, calcium (Ca2+) and heat shock protein (HSP). Exploring the crosstalk between ABA and NO with other molecules under heat stress will provide us with a comprehensive knowledge of plants mechanism of heat tolerance which could be useful to develop heat stress-resistant varieties.
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Abbreviations
- ABA:
-
Abscisic acid
- AAO:
-
ABA-aldehyde oxidase
- Ca2 + :
-
Calcium
- DXP:
-
Deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate
- DXS:
-
DXP synthase
- GGPP:
-
Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate
- GB:
-
Glycine betaine
- H2O2 :
-
Hydrogen peroxide
- H2S:
-
Hydrogen sulfide
- HSP:
-
Heat shock proteins
- HSR:
-
Heat shock responses
- IPP:
-
Isopentenyl pyrophosphate
- JA:
-
Jasmonic acid
- MoCo:
-
Molybdenum cofactor
- MCSU:
-
Molybdenum cofactor sulfurase
- NCED:
-
9-Cis-Epoxycarotenoid
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- PSY:
-
Phytoene synthase
- PDS:
-
Phytoene desaturase
- RBOH:
-
Respiratory burst oxidase homolog
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- SA:
-
Salicylic acid
- O2 ·− :
-
Superoxide anion
- SDR:
-
Short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase/reductase
- SNP:
-
Sodium nitroprusside
- SOD:
-
Superoxide dismutase
- ZEP:
-
Zeaxanthin oxidase
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Acknowledgements
NI is thankful to Science and Engineering Research Board for providing financial assistance in the form of National Post-Doctoral Fellowship (N-PDF, File No. PDF/2019/000770). NAK is thankful to University Grant Commission, New Delhi (F.19-219/2018(BSR) and the council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi (38(1473)/19/EMRII) for financial assistance for research on heat stress tolerance mechanisms. FJC research is supported by a European Regional Development Fund- co financed grant from the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (PID2019-103924GB-I00), the Plan Andaluz de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (PAIDI 2020) (P18-FR-1359) and Junta de Andalucía (group BIO192), Spain.
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NI conceived the idea, designed the concept, and wrote the first draft. SU, NAK and FJC helped in improving the final version of the manuscript with their potential analyzing abilities. They helped in the idea of the development and improvement of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.
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Iqbal, N., Umar, S., Khan, N.A. et al. Crosstalk between abscisic acid and nitric oxide under heat stress: exploring new vantage points. Plant Cell Rep 40, 1429–1450 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-021-02695-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-021-02695-4