Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Functional characterization of PhGR and PhGRL1 during flower senescence in the petunia

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Plant Cell Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Key message

Petunia PhGRL1 suppression accelerated flower senescence and increased the expression of the genes downstream of ethylene signaling, whereas PhGR suppression did not.

Abstract

Ethylene plays an important role in flowers senescence. Homologous proteins Green-Ripe and Reversion to Ethylene sensitivity1 are positive regulators of ethylene responses in tomato and Arabidopsis, respectively. The petunia flower has served as a model for the study of ethylene response during senescence. In this study, petunia PhGR and PhGRL1 expression was analyzed in different organs, throughout floral senescence, and after exogenous ethylene treatment; and the roles of PhGR and PhGRL1 during petunia flower senescence were investigated. PhGRL1 suppression mediated by virus-induced gene silencing accelerated flower senescence and increased ethylene production; however, the suppression of PhGR did not. Taken together, these data suggest that PhGRL1 is involved in negative regulation of flower senescence, possibly via ethylene production inhibition and consequently reduced ethylene signaling activation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abeles FB, Morgan PW, Saltveit ME (1992) Ethylene in Plant Biology, 2nd edn. Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Barry CS, Giovannoni JJ (2006) Ripening in the tomato Green-ripe mutant is inhibited by ectopic expression of a protein that disrupts ethylene signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:7923–7928

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chang C, Kwok SF, Bleecker AB, Meyerowitz EM (1993) Arabidopsis ethylene-response gene ETR1: similarity of product to two-component regulators. Science 262:539–544

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chang J, Clay JM, Chang C (2014) Association of cytochrome b5 with ETR1 ethylene receptor signaling through RTE1 in Arabidopsis. Plant J 77:558–567

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chao Q, Rothenberg M, Solano R, Roman G, Terzaghi W, Ecker JR (1997) Activation of the ethylene gas response pathway in Arabidopsis by the nuclear protein. Cell 89:1133–1144

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen JC, Jiang CZ, Gookin TE, Hunter DA, Clark DG, Reid MS (2004) Chalcone synthase as a reporter in virus-induced gene silencing studies of flower senescence. Plant Mol Biol 55:521–530

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dong CH, Rivarola M, Resnick JS, Maggin BD, Chang C (2008) Subcellular co-localization of Arabidopsis RTE1 and ETR1 supports a regulatory role for RTE1 in ETR1 ethylene signalling. Plant J 53:275–286

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dong CH, Jang M, Scharein B, Malach A, Rivarola M, Liesch J, Groth G, Hwang I, Chang C (2010) Molecular association of the Arabidopsis ETR1 ethylene receptor and a regulator of ethylene signaling, RTE1. J Biol Chem 285:40706–40713

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hua J, Meyerowitz EM (1998) Ethylene responses are negatively regulated by a receptor gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana. Cell 94:261–271

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ji Y, Guo H (2013) From endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to nucleus: EIN2 bridges the gap in ethylene signaling. Mol Plant 6:1–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ju C, Yoon GM, Shemansky JM, Lin DY, Ying ZI, Chang J, Garrett WM, Kessenbrock M, Groth G, Tucker ML, Cooper B, Kieber JJ, Chang C (2012) CTR1 phosphorylates the central regulator EIN2 to control ethylene hormone signaling from the ER membrane to the nucleus in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:19486–19491

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu J, Li J, Wang H, Fu Z, Liu J, Yu Y (2011) Identification and expression analysis of ERF transcription factor genes in petunia during flower senescence and in response to hormone treatments. J Exp Bot 62:825–840

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma Q, Du W, Brandizzi F, Giovannoni JJ, Barry CS (2012) Differential control of ethylene responses by GREEN-RIPE and GREEN-RIPE LIKE1 provides evidence for distinct ethylene signaling modules in tomato. Plant Physiol 160:1968–1984

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Potuschak T, Lechner E, Parmentier Y, Yanagisawa S, Grava S, Koncz C, Genschik P (2003) EIN3-dependent regulation of plant ethylene hormone signaling by two Arabidopsis F box proteins: EBF1 and EBF2. Cell 115:679–689

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qiao H, Shen Z, Huang SS, Schmitz RJ, Urich MA, Briggs SP, Ecker JR (2012) Processing and subcellular trafficking of ER-tethered EIN2 control response to ethylene gas. Science 338:390–393

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qu X, Hall BP, Gao Z, Schaller GE (2007) A strong constitutive ethylene-response phenotype conferred on Arabidopsis plants containing null mutations in the ethylene receptors ETR1 and ERS1. BMC Plant Biol 7:3

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Resnick JS, Wen CK, Shockey JA, Chang C (2006) REVERSION-TO-ETHYLENE SENSITIVITY1, a conserved gene that regulates ethylene receptor function in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:7917–7922

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Resnick JS, Rivarola M, Chang C (2008) Involvement of RTE1 in conformational changes promoting ETR1 ethylene receptor signaling in Arabidopsis. Plant J 56:423–431

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shibuya K, Barry KG, Ciardi JA, Loucas HM, Underwood BA, Nourizadeh S, Ecker JR, Klee HJ, Clark DG (2004) The central role of PhEIN2 in ethylene responses throughout plant development in petunia. Plant Physiol 136:2900–2912

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Solano R, Stepanova A, Chao Q, Ecker JR (1998) Nuclear events in ethylene signaling: a transcriptional cascade mediated by ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE3 and ETHYLENE-RESPONSE-FACTOR1. Genes Dev 12:3703–3714

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spitzer-Rimon B, Zvi MMB, Ovadis M, Marhevka E, Barkai O, Masci T, Edelbaum O, Yu Y, Shklarman E, Ovadis M, Vainstein A (2007) Reverse genetics of floral scent: application of tobacco rattle virus-based gene silencing in petunia. Plant Physiol 145:1241–1250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spitzer-Rimon B, Farhi M, Albo B, Cnaani A, Moyal BZM, Edelbaum O, Marton I, Masci T, Alon M, Morin S, Rogachev I, Aharoni A, Vainstein A (2012) The R2R3-MYB–like regulatory factor EOBI, acting downstream of EOBII, regulates scent production by activating ODO1 and structural scent-related genes in petunia. Plant Cell 24:5089–5105

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tan Y, Liu J, Huang F, Guan J, Zhong S, Tang N, Zhao J, Yang W, Yu Y (2014) PhGRL2 protein, interacting with PhACO1, is involved in flower senescence in the petunia. Mol Plant 7:1384–1387

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Underwood BA, Tieman DM, Shibuya K, Dexter RJ, Loucas HM, Simkin AJ, Sims CA, Schmelz EA, Klee HJ, Clark DG (2005) Ethylene-regulated floral volatile synthesis in petunia corollas. Plant Physiol 138:255–266

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wen X, Zhang C, Ji Y, Zhao Q, He W, An F, Jiang L, Guo H (2012) Activation of ethylene signaling is mediated by nuclear translocation of the cleaved EIN2 carboxyl terminus. Cell Res 22:1613–1616

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson JQ, Lanahan MB, Clark DG, Bleecker AB, Chang C, Meyerowitz EM, Klee HJ (1997) A dominant mutant receptor from Arabidopsis confers ethylene insensitivity in heterologous plants. Nat Biotechnol 15:444–447

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao Y, Chen J, Kuang J, Shan W, Xie H, Jiang Y, Lu W (2013) Banana ethylene response factors are involved in fruit ripening through their interactions with ethylene biosynthesis genes. J Exp Bot 64:2499–2510

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu Y, Wang J, Wang H, Zhang Z, Liu J (2010) Relationship between Rh-RTH1 and ethylene receptor gene expression in response to ethylene in cut rose. Plant Cell Rep 29:895–904

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu Y, Wang H, Fu Z, Wang J, Liu J (2011) Transcriptional regulation of two RTE-like genes of carnation during flower senescence and upon ethylene exposure, wounding and sucrose. Plant Biol 13:719–724

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang W, Zhou X, Wen CK (2012) Modulation of ethylene responses by OsRTH1 overexpression reveals the biological significance of ethylene in rice seedling growth and development. J Exp Bot 63:4151–4164

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou X, Liu Q, Xie F, Wen CK (2007) RTE1 is a Golgi-associated and ETR1-dependent negative regulator of ethylene responses. Plant Physiol 145:75–86

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31270736, 31170653, and 31470700).

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Author information

Author notes

    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China

      Weiyuan Yang, Juanxu Liu, Yinyan Tan, Shan Zhong, Na Tang & Yixun Yu

    2. College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China

      Weiyuan Yang, Guoju Chen & Yixun Yu

    Authors
    1. Weiyuan Yang
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    2. Juanxu Liu
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    3. Yinyan Tan
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    4. Shan Zhong
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    5. Na Tang
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    6. Guoju Chen
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    7. Yixun Yu
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    Corresponding author

    Correspondence to Yixun Yu.

    Additional information

    Communicated by M. C. Jordan.

    W. Yang and J. Liu contributed equally to this work.

    Electronic supplementary material

    Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

    Supplementary material 1 (DOC 33 kb)

    Rights and permissions

    Reprints and permissions

    About this article

    Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

    Cite this article

    Yang, W., Liu, J., Tan, Y. et al. Functional characterization of PhGR and PhGRL1 during flower senescence in the petunia. Plant Cell Rep 34, 1561–1568 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-015-1808-7

    Download citation

    • Received:

    • Revised:

    • Accepted:

    • Published:

    • Issue Date:

    • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-015-1808-7

    Keywords

    Search

    Navigation