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Azinäre Pankreasneoplasien

Vergleichende molekulare Charakterisierung

Pancreatic acinar neoplasms

Comparative molecular characterization

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Zusammenfassung

Azinuszellkarzinome des Pankreas sind biologisch aggressive Tumoren, die nur unzulänglich auf derzeit verfügbare Therapien ansprechen. Der molekulare Hintergrund von Azinuszellkarzinomen ist weitgehend unbekannt, Vorläuferläsionen wurden bislang nicht identifiziert.

In dieser Arbeit wurden Azinuszellkarzinome zytogenetisch, molekular und immunhistochemisch charakterisiert. Entsprechende Untersuchungen wurden auch an duktalen Pankreaskarzinomen und neuroendokrinen Pankreasneoplasien durchgeführt, ergänzt durch funktionelle Analysen. Es wird gezeigt, dass sich Azinuszellkarzinome durch einen chromosomal instabilen, mikrosatellitenstabilen Genotyp mit charakteristischen chromosomalen Imbalancen auszeichnen, die eine klare Abgrenzung gegenüber duktalen Pankreaskarzinomen und neuroendokrinen Pankreasneoplasien erlauben. Als neue Kandidatengene für die Entwicklung bzw. Progression von Azinuszellkarzinomen werden deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) und c-MYC identifiziert. Ferner werden als therapierelevante Marker bzw. Zielstrukturen in Azinuszellkarzinomen, duktalen Pankreaskarzinomen und neuroendokrinen Pankreasneoplasien u. a. Zelladhäsionsmolekül L1 (L1CAM), epidermaler Wachstumsfaktorrezeptor (EGFR) und Hitzeschockprotein 90 (HSP90) identifiziert, wobei L1CAM in duktalen Pankreaskarzinomen neben seiner Bedeutung als therapeutische Zielstruktur auch als wichtiger Faktor bei der Tumorentstehung anzusehen ist, wie auch funktionelle Analysen belegen. Der Mechanismus der antitumorigenen Wirkung von EGFR- und HSP90-Inhibitoren wird anhand von Zelllinien aus neuroendokrinen Pankreasneoplasien weiter beleuchtet. Schließlich wird anhand von Mutationsanalysen mitochondrialer DNA molekulare Evidenz für eine nichtneoplastische, entzündlich-reaktive Natur sogenannter Azinuszellzystadenome (besser: zystische azinäre Transformation) erhoben.

Abstract

Pancreatic acinar cell carcinomas are biologically aggressive neoplasms for which treatment options are very limited. The molecular mechanisms of tumor initiation and progression are largely not understood and precursor lesions have not yet been identified. In this study, pancreatic acinar cell carcinomas were cytogenetically characterized as well as by molecular and immunohistochemical analyses. Corresponding investigations were carried out on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas and pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms augmented by functional analyses. We show that pancreatic acinar cell carcinomas display a microsatellite stable, chromosomal unstable genotype, characterized by recurrent chromosomal imbalances that clearly discriminate them from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas and neuroendocrine neoplasms. Based on findings obtained from comparative genomic hybridization, candidate genes could be identified, such as deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) and c-MYC. Furthermore, several therapeutic targets were identified in acinar cell carcinomas and other pancreatic neoplasms, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) and heat shock protein 90 (HSP90). Moreover, L1CAM was shown to play a significant role in the tumorigenesis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Functional analyses in cell lines derived from pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms revealed promising anti-tumorigenic effects using EGFR and HSP90 inhibitors affecting the cell cycle and in the case of HSP90, regulating several other oncogenes. Finally, based on mutational analyses of mitochondrial DNA, molecular evidence is provided that acinar cell cystadenomas (or better cystic acinar transformation) represent non-clonal lesions, suggesting an inflammatory reactive non-neoplastic nature.

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Correspondence to F. Bergmann.

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Bergmann, F. Azinäre Pankreasneoplasien. Pathologe 37 (Suppl 2), 191–195 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00292-016-0235-z

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