Abstract
Xerogels (X-Gs) are porously open, functionalized, and high-performance materials constituted of cross-linked, dried, and ambient polymeric architectures exhibiting very high porosity, wide surface area, along with low-cost preparation strategies which can be garnered from differing organic and inorganic initiating entities for multifunctional uses. X-Gs are solidified gels fabricated by gradual drying at ambient temperature with shrinkage. X-Gs generally exhibit elevated porosity with broad surface area and very smaller pore sizes. The enchanting properties of this porous gels emanate from the remarkable flexibility of the sol–gel procedure, capable of synergizing with varying drying strategies resulting to aerogels (supercritically drying) or xerogels (ambient drying). Hybrid X-Gs are polymeric architectures, in either physical or covalent cross-linking with each other and/or with nanoparticulates or nanoarchitectures. X-G polymeric nanoarchitectures and X-G biopolymeric bionanoarchitectures can mimic native tissue behaviors, architectures, and microenvironment as a result of their hydrated as well as interconnected porosity. A vast range of nanoparticulates, including carbon derivatives, ceramic, polymeric, as well as metallic nanoparticulates, can be embedded within the X-G architecture to garner nanoarchitectures with customized functionalities. X-G polymeric or biopolymeric nanoarchitectures/nanocomposites can undergo engineering to exhibit superior physically, chemically, electrically, and biologically affiliated behaviors. Therefore, this paper presents state of the art, blue chip synthesis, preparation, characterization, and properties of X-G polymeric nanoarchitectures and X-G biopolymeric bionanoarchitectures and multifunctional applications.
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Engr. Dr. Christopher Igwe Idumah, of the Faculty of Engineering, Department of Polymer Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria, is acknowledged, for relentlessly disseminating information on polymer nanocomposites materials engineering, despite daunting challenges and zero funding.
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Idumah, C.I., Low, J.H. & Emmanuel, E.O. Recently emerging trends in xerogel polymeric nanoarchitectures and multifunctional applications. Polym. Bull. 80, 11557–11587 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-022-04625-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-022-04625-0