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Utilization of electron beam irradiation vulcanization to reuse devulcanized rubber in polypropylene-montmorillonite nanocomposites

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Abstract

This research was conducted to investigate the effects of montmorillonite (MMT) particles and electron beam irradiation on physico-mechanical properties of the samples. The addition of MMT particles had highly increased the d-spacing of deflection peak (002) indicates the well dispersion of MMT particles in polymer matrix. The application of 150 kGy could induce the crosslinking networks as by gel content test. However, further increment from 150 to 200 kGy had significantly decreased the gel content. The addition of MMT particles increased the tensile strength and Young’s modulus due to the effective intercalation of MMT particles as determined in XRD analysis. Higher MMT amount had decreased the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of all samples due to the agglomeration of MMT particles (as observed in SEM analysis). Besides, the application of 50 kGy had gradually increased the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of all samples due to the crosslinking networks.

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Abbreviations

MMT:

Montmorillonite

PP:

Polypropylene

LDPE:

Low density polyethylene

HDPE:

High density polyethylene

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

λ :

Wavelength of the incident x-ray beams, nm

θ :

Bragg angle

d :

Interlayer distance

R :

The inter-chain separation

Δd :

Change of d-spacing

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Acknowledgements

The authors are very appreciating with the kindliness of Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Bangi, Selangor for allowing usage their equipment on performing this research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Cheras, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Soo-Tueen Bee, Lee Tin Sin & Vishahan Sivalingam

  2. Radiation Processing Technology Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Chantara T. Ratnam

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  1. Soo-Tueen Bee
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  2. Lee Tin Sin
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  4. Chantara T. Ratnam
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Bee, ST., Sin, L.T., Sivalingam, V. et al. Utilization of electron beam irradiation vulcanization to reuse devulcanized rubber in polypropylene-montmorillonite nanocomposites. Polym. Bull. 80, 12133–12155 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-022-04624-1

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