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Process optimization and characterization of composite biopolymer films obtained from fish scale gelatin, agar and chitosan using response surface methodology

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Abstract

This work is intended to optimize the composition of marine-based biopolymers for desirable packaging material properties. The quantity optimization was sought by empirical response surface methodology. To achieve the goal, Box–Behnken model was applied to the concentration of three independent variables, viz. gelatin (1.0–2.0% w/v), agar (1.0–2.0% w/v) and chitosan (1.0–2.0% w/v). Glycerol was used as a plasticizer and kept constant (25% w/w to total solid mass). The overall desirability function fits with the quadratic model at a 100% level of significance for the optimization of gelatin (1.98% w/v), agar (1.98 w/v) and chitosan (1.94% w/v) to reach minimum water vapor permeability and maximum tensile strength, elongation at break and puncture resistance. The absolute residual error (1.77 to 4.40%) of the experiment and the predicted responses were also validated. The thermal stability (TGA), crystalline structures (XRD), molecular interactions (ATR-FTIR) and topography (AFM) showed that the resultant GAC composite film has a gray color (WI), improved transparency (T) and suitable mechanical strength (WVP, TS, EB and PR) due to existence of hydrogen bonds in uniform granular network and crystallization pattern. The gelatin and agar were supported by chitosan for the reasonably acceptable film properties.

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Acknowledgements

The authors express their sincere thanks to Dean, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, India, for permitting to carry out experiments in college laboratories. The authors express their sincere thanks to Director, ICAR- CIFT, Cochin, India, for providing support for the analysis of optical parameters. Thanks to the Professor and Head, TNJFU-Referral Laboratory of Fish Quality Monitoring and Certification, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi, India, for the support provided for the analysis of mechanical parameters. The authors also thank the Department of Chemistry, VOC College, Thoothukudi, India, for providing facilities and guiding in ATR-FTIR and AFM analysis. The authors also acknowledge the support from the Director, Bharat Ratna Prof. CNR Rao Research Centre, Coimbatore, India, for the analysis of XRD. The authors express their sincere thanks to the Prince of Songkla University and the National Research Council of Thailand for TGA analysis.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Thoothkudi, Tamil Nadu, India

    Parthiban Fathiraja, Sugumar Gopalrajan & Masilan Karunanithi

  2. Indian Council of Agricultural Research - Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin, Kerala, India

    Mohan Chitradurga Obaiah

  3. Department of Food Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand

    Bharathipriya Rajasekaran

  4. Department of Chemistry, V.O. Chidambaram College, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India

    Chinnapiyan Vedhi‬

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  1. Parthiban Fathiraja
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Fathiraja, P., Gopalrajan, S., Karunanithi, M. et al. Process optimization and characterization of composite biopolymer films obtained from fish scale gelatin, agar and chitosan using response surface methodology. Polym. Bull. 80, 10775–10807 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-022-04540-4

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