Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Production and properties of the fibrillated plastic composite from recycled polystyrene and Luffa cylindrica

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Polymer Bulletin Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Luffa cylindrica fibre and polystyrene are both wastes seen on farmland and in public waste streams, respectively, causing nuisance in the environment. This study was aimed at the preparation and characterization of composites produced from Luffa fibre reinforced with polystyrene resin. The prime objective of this study is to evaluate the morphological properties (using scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray), identify the functional groups (using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) present and elucidate the mechanical properties (using dynamic mechanical analysis and hardness tests) of the fibre and composites. The FTIR spectra revealed the presence of functional groups such as the hydroxyl, carboxylic acid, alkene and methylene groups, which indicate the presence of the Luffa fibre in the composite samples. SEM micrographs showed that better adhesion exists between the sample containing 20% Luffa fibre and at an increased magnification and further increasing the fibre concentration in the composite resulted in fibre pull out from over-saturation. EDX results showed that the composites were majorly composed of carbon (> 40%) and oxygen. The DMA experiments conducted at varying frequencies of 1.66, 2.50 and 5.00 Hz showed that incorporating Luffa fibre into the matrix reduced the loss modulus and damping peaks of the polymer matrix composite. However, the raw Luffa fibre was observed to contain the highest storage modulus, while the optimum fibre filler was found to lie between 20 and 30% of the Luffa fibre. It was also observed that the hardness value increased as the percentage of fibre in the composite increased and vice versa.

Graphical abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability materials

Not applicable.

References

  1. Abdulkareem S, Adeniyi A (2017) Production of particle boards using polystyrene and bamboo wastes. Niger J Technol 36(3):788–793

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Ighalo JO, Adeyanju CA, Ogunniyi S, Adeniyi AG, Abdulkareem SA (2021) An empirical review of the recent advances in treatment of natural fibers for reinforced plastic composites. Compos Interfaces 28(9):925–960. https://doi.org/10.1080/09276440.2020.1826274

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Alshaaer M, Mallouh SA, Al-Faiyz Y, Fahmy T, Kallel A, Rocha F (2017) Fabrication, microstructural and mechanical characterization of luffa cylindrical fibre-reinforced geopolymer composite. Appl Clay Sci 143:125–133

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Adeniyi A, Abdulkareem S, Ighalo J, Onifade D (2020) Utilisation of waste plantain (musa paradisiaca) peels and waste polystyrene in the development of reinforced polymer composites. Int Polym Process 35(3):331–337

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Anbukarasi K, Kalaiselvam S (2015) Study of effect of fibre volume and dimension on mechanical, thermal, and water absorption behaviour of luffa reinforced epoxy composites. Mater Des 1980–2015:66321–66330

    Google Scholar 

  6. Abdulkareem SA, Adeniyi AG (2018) Preparation and evaluation of electrical properties of plastic composites developed from recycled polystyrene and local clay. Niger J Technol Dev 15(3):98–101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Adeniyi AG, Adeoye AS, Ighalo JO, Onifade DV (2021) Fea of effective elastic properties of banana fiber-reinforced polystyrene composite. Mech Adv Mater Struct 28:1–9

    Google Scholar 

  8. Adeniyi AG, Onifade DV, Abdulkareem SA, Amosa MK, Ighalo JO (2020) Valorization of plantain stalk and polystyrene wastes for composite development. J Polym Environ 28(10):2644–2651

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Arora GS, Verma A, Srivastava DN (2017) Experimental investigation of mechanical properties of luffa-epoxy composite. Issue

  10. Adeniyi AG, Ighalo JO, Onifade DV (2019) Banana and plantain fiber-reinforced polymer composites. J Polym Eng 39(7):597–611

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Mohit H, Arul Mozhi Selvan V (2018) A comprehensive review on surface modification, structure interface and bonding mechanism of plant cellulose fiber reinforced polymer based composites. Compos Interfaces 25(5–7):629–667

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Amir N, Abidin KAZ, Shiri FBM (2017) Effects of Fibre configuration on mechanical properties of banana fibre/pp/mapp natural fibre reinforced polymer composite. Procedia Eng 184:573–580

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Oboh I, Aluyor E (2009) Luffa cylindrica-an emerging cash crop. Afr J Agric Res 4(8):684–688

    Google Scholar 

  14. Partap S, Kumar A, Sharma NK, Jha K (2012) Luffa cylindrica: an important medicinal plant. J Nat Prod Plant Res 2(1):127–134

    Google Scholar 

  15. Manikandaselvi S, Vadivel V, Brindha P (2016) Review on Luffa acutangula L.: ethnobotany phytochemistry nutritional value and pharmacological properties. Int J Curr Pharm Rev Res 7(3):151–155

    Google Scholar 

  16. Adeyanju CA, Ogunniyi S, Ighalo JO, Adeniyi AG, Abdulkareem SA (2021) A review on Luffa fibres and their polymer composites. J Mater Sci 56(4):2797–2813

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Parida C, Pradhan C, Dash SK, Das SC (2014) Dynamic mechanical behavior of luffa cylindrica fiber-resorcinol composites. Open J Compos Mater 5(01):22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Aminudin E, Din MFM, Mohamad Z, Noor ZZ, Iwao K (2011) A review on recycled expanded polystyrene waste as potential thermal reduction in building materials. In: international conference on environment and industrial innovation IPCBEE, pp 113–118

  19. LeBlanc R (2017) How long does it take garbage to decompose. Read on, 42017

  20. Fauzi A, Edikresnha D, Munir MM, Khairurrijal K (2015) Synthesis of styrofoam fibers using rotary forcespinning technique. Materials Science Forum 827:279–284

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Kalusuraman G, Siva I, Munde Y, Selvan CP, Kumar SA, Amico SC (2020) Dynamic-mechanical properties as a function of luffa fibre content and adhesion in a polyester composite. Polym Test 87:106538

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Wang Y, Ding Z-X, Zhang Y-H, Wei C-Y, Xie Z-C (2019) Luffa pretreated by plasma oxidation and acidity to be used as cellulose films. Polymers 11(1):37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Panneerdhass R, Baskaran R, Rajkumar K, Gnanavelbabu A (2014) Mechanical properties of chopped randomly oriented epoxy-Luffa fiber reinforced polymer composite. Appl Mech Mater 591(103):107

    Google Scholar 

  24. Bisen HB, Hirwani CK, Satankar RK, Panda SK, Mehar K, Patel B (2020) Numerical study of frequency and deflection responses of natural fiber (Luffa) reinforced polymer composite and experimental validation. J Nat Fibers 17(4):505–519

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Saw SK, Purwar R, Nandy S, Ghose J, Sarkhel G (2013) Fabrication, characterization, and evaluation of luffa cylindrica fiber reinforced epoxy composites. BioResources 8(4):4805–4826

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Kalusuraman G, Siva I, Jappes JW, Gao X-Z, Amico SC (2018) Fibre loading effects on dynamic mechanical properties of compression moulded luffa fibre polyester composites. Int J Comput Aided Eng Technol 10(1–2):157–165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Geethamma V, Kalaprasad G, Groeninckx G, Thomas S (2005) Dynamic mechanical behavior of short coir fiber reinforced natural rubber composites. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 36(11):1499–1506

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Kesraoui A, Bouzaabia S, Seffen M (2019) The combination of luffa cylindrical fibers and metal oxides offers a highly performing hybrid fiber material in water decontamination. Env Sci Pollut Res 26(12):11524–11534

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Iwuozor KO, Emenike EC, Abdulkadir M, Ogunniyi S, Adeniyi AG (2022) Effect of salt modification on biochar obtained from the thermochemical conversion of sugarcane bagasse. Sugar Tech. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12355-022-01166-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Adeniyi AG, Ighalo JO, Iwuozor KO, Amoloye MA (2022) A study on the thermochemical co-conversion of poultry litter and elephant grass to Biochar. Clean Technol Environ Policy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-022-02311-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Adeniyi AG, John KI, Adeleye AT, Iwuozor KO, Ogunniyi S, Adeyanju CA, Yusuf II (2022) Metal oxide rich char from muffle furnace and retort heated reactor treated cow bone. Clean Eng Technol 8:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  32. Adeniyi AG, Abdulkareem SA, Iwuozor KO, Ogunniyi S, Abdulkareem MT, Emenike EC, Sagboye PA (2022) Effect of salt impregnation on the properties of orange albedo biochar. Clean Chem Eng 3:1–9

    Google Scholar 

  33. Adeniyi AG, Abdulkareem SA, Emenike EC, Abdulkareem MT, Iwuozor KO, Amoloye MA, Ahmed II, Awokunle OE (2022) Development and characterization of microstructural and mechanical properties of hybrid polystyrene composites filled with kaolin and expanded polyethylene powder. Results Eng 14:1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Tran HN, Chao H-P, You S-J (2018) Activated carbons from golden shower upon different chemical activation methods: synthesis and characterizations. Adsorpt Sci Technol 36(1–2):95–113

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. El-Roz M, Haidar Z, Lakiss L, Toufaily J, Thibault-Starzyk F (2013) Immobilization of Tio 2 nanoparticles on natural Luffa cylindrica fibers for photocatalytic applications. RSC Adv 3(10):3438–3445

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Adeniyi AG, Abdulkareem SA, Iwuozor KO, Abdulkareem MT, Adeyanju CA, Emenike EC, Ndagi M, Akande OJ (2022) Mechanical and microstructural properties of expanded polyethylene powder/mica filled hybrid polystyrene composites. Mech Adv Mater Struct 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/15376494.2022.2059822

  37. Onyekachi OE, Iwuozor KO (2019) Mechanical and water absorption properties of polymeric compounds. Am J Mech Mater Eng 3(2):11. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmme.20190302.12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Kaya S, Kaya C (2015) A new equation for calculation of chemical hardness of groups and molecules. Mol Phys 113(11):1311–1319

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Ichetaonye S, Madufor I, Yibowei M, Ichetaonye D (2015) Physico-mechanical properties of Luffa aegyptiaca fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite. Open J Compos Mater 5(04):110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Adeniyi AG, Abdulkareem SA, Ighalo JO, Oladipo-Emmanuel FM, Adeyanju CA (2021) Microstructural and mechanical properties of the plantain fiber/local clay filled hybrid polystyrene composites. Mech Adv Mater Struct 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/15376494.2021.1992692

  41. Adeniyi AG, Abdulkareem SA, Ighalo JO, Saliu OD, Amosa MK, Momoh RO (2021) Crystallographic, functional group and microstructural properties of oil palm biochar reinforced hybrid polystyrene composite doped with aluminium. Adv Mater Process Technol 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/2374068X.2021.1945288

Download references

Acknowledgements

All authors whose work have been cited are duly acknowledged

Funding

There was no external funding for the study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, P. M. B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria

    Adewale George Adeniyi, Sulyman A. Abdulkareem, Comfort A. Adeyanju, Maryam T. Abdulkareem, Mubarak A. Amoloye & Ridwan O. Belgore

  2. National Space Research & Development Agency (NASRDA), Garki, Abuja, Nigeria

    Kayode P. Odimayomi

  3. Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P. M. B. 5025, Awka, Nigeria

    Kingsley O. Iwuozor

Authors
  1. Adewale George Adeniyi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sulyman A. Abdulkareem
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Comfort A. Adeyanju
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Maryam T. Abdulkareem
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Kayode P. Odimayomi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Kingsley O. Iwuozor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Mubarak A. Amoloye
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Ridwan O. Belgore
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Adewale George Adeniyi.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

Consent to participate

All authors listed duly participated.

Consent to publish

All authors consent to publish this manuscript.

Ethical approval

This article does not contain any studies that involve human or animal subjects.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Adeniyi, A.G., Abdulkareem, S.A., Adeyanju, C.A. et al. Production and properties of the fibrillated plastic composite from recycled polystyrene and Luffa cylindrica. Polym. Bull. 80, 9569–9588 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-022-04511-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-022-04511-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation