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Electrospun/3D-printed PCL bioactive scaffold for bone regeneration

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Abstract

When manufacturing scaffolds that will be used in tissue engineering of the bone system, three properties need to be considered: (1) The biodegradation times. (2) The mechanical properties and structure of the scaffold must emulate that of the bone. (3) The biocompatibility of the scaffold with bone cells. In this work, a scaffold is obtained in the shape of a rabbit tibia using a 3D-printer with commercial polycaprolactone of medium molecular mass. Then, the scaffold is covered by electrospinning with a layer of synthesized polycaprolactone of low molecular mass. 3D-printing mimics the tissue structure in a rabbit tibia bone. Polycaprolactone is hydrophobic polymer that stops cells from adhering to the scaffold. To improve cell adhesion, gelatin molecules were grafted onto the polycaprolactone. The scaffolds were characterized with FTIR, SEM, capillary viscometry, DSC, contact angle, accelerated degradation, and DMA. The cytotoxic evaluation was carried out on scaffolds in which we used human adipose stem cells, the addition of gelatin improved cell viability. The results of the cytotoxic tests showed viability and proliferation of cells when they were seeded on the scaffolds and were evaluated on different days. Additionally, an evaluation was conducted to determine whether the scaffolds allowed for the differentiation of cells into an osteogenic lineage, when the cells were cultured with an osteoinductive medium. At 21 days, the presence of calcium nodules stained with Alizarin Red and black nodules of calcium phosphate particles stained with von Kossa was demonstrated.

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Data availability

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material; further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.

Abbreviations

vPCLc:

Commercial virgin polycaprolactone

vPCLs:

Virgin polycaprolactone synthesized in our laboratory

3D-PCL:

3D-printed scaffold of commercial polycaprolactone

bPCL:

Electrospun/3D-printed scaffold of synthesized/commercial polycaprolactone

bPCLg:

Electrospun/3D-printed scaffold of synthesized/commercial polycaprolactone grafted with gelatin

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Acknowledgements

Special thanks to Dr. José Tapia Ramírez for his hASCs donation from CINVESTAV-Zacatenco, Mexico City, A. Rodríguez-Navarrete from UNAM for her participation in biological analysis, Eng. Silvia Andrade from CICY for her participation in Scanning Electron Microscope, and Dr. Nancy ArandaCirerol for her recommendations in the editing manuscript.

Funding

This project was supported by Basic Science Project CONACyT No. 283972, Master Scholarship CONACyT 705198, Support Program for Research and Technological Innovation Projects (Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, PAPIIT; in Spanish) UNAM IA207420.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. (CICY), Mérida, Yucatán, México

    Raúl Rosales-Ibáñez, Alejandro Emmanuel Viera-Ruiz, Juan Valerio Cauich-Rodríguez, Hugo Joel Carrillo-Escalante, Arely González-González, Jesús Jiovanni Rodríguez-Martínez & Fernando Hernández-Sánchez

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  1. Raúl Rosales-Ibáñez
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  2. Alejandro Emmanuel Viera-Ruiz
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  3. Juan Valerio Cauich-Rodríguez
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  6. Jesús Jiovanni Rodríguez-Martínez
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  7. Fernando Hernández-Sánchez
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Contributions

H-S, R-I and C-R conceptualized the work; V-R, C-E, G-G, and R-M curated data; H-S, R-I, C-E, G-G, and R-M conducted formal analysis; R-I acquired fund; H-S, C-R, and R-I conducted investigation; V-R, G-G, and R-M were responsible for the methodology; H-S, C-R, and R-I supervised the work; H-S, C-R, and R-I wrote the original draft and reviewed and edited the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fernando Hernández-Sánchez.

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Rosales-Ibáñez, R., Viera-Ruiz, A.E., Cauich-Rodríguez, J.V. et al. Electrospun/3D-printed PCL bioactive scaffold for bone regeneration. Polym. Bull. 80, 2533–2552 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-022-04149-7

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