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Surface modification of human hair by grafting poly(methyl methacrylate)

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Abstract

Human hair is a slow-degrading nanocomposite biological fiber. In the present work, the surface of human hair has been modified via grafting of poly(methyl methacrylate). The grafting has been done via free radical polymerization using graft from approach. The percent grafting calculated from thermo-gravimetric analysis data was in good agreement with the percent grafting calculated from gravimetric method. The scanning electron microscopy images showed that the hair surface got completely covered when the weight of methyl methacrylate was twice that of human hair in the feed. The ultimate tensile strength and modulus were found to be 1099 MPa and 20 GPa, respectively, when hair was grafted with feed ratio of 2:1 for methyl methacrylate and hair, as compared to 795 MPa and 16 GPa, respectively, for virgin human hair. An improvement in chemical stability was also observed on grafting, under both basic and acidic conditions. The effect of grafting on swelling and adsorption properties has also been studied. For a lower contact time, the removal efficiency was found to be more for anionic dye, methyl orange as compared to cationic dye, methylene blue, but as the contact time increased, the removal efficiency of grafted copolymers for methylene blue increased significantly. The effect of contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration on absorption and desorption studies has also been done. The adsorption behavior was studied using isotherm models Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin model, and adsorption kinetics were investigated using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order model.

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Abbreviations

AIBN:

Azobisisobutyronitrile

BIS:

N, N′-methylenebisacrylamide

DSC:

Differential scanning calorimeter

DMA:

Dynamic mechanical analyzer

FT-IR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

HH:

Human hair

HHact :

Activated human hair

MMA:

Methyl methacrylate

MB:

Methylene blue

MO:

Methyl orange

PMMA:

Poly(methyl methacrylate)

SEM:

Surface electron microscopy

TGA:

Thermogravimetric analysis

THF:

Tetrahydrofuran

UTS:

Ultimate tensile strength

b:

Langmuir constant related with energy of adsorption

b T :

Heat of adsorption

C e :

Concentration at equilibrium

C o :

Initial concentration

C f :

Final concentration

K :

Rate constant

K f :

Freundlich isotherm constants

K T :

Equilibrium binding constant

M :

Weight of adsorbent

n :

Adsorption intensity

Q e :

Desorption capacity at equilibrium

Q t :

Sorption capacities at time t

q e :

Adsorption capacity at equilibrium

q m :

Langmuir constant

q t :

Adsorption capacity at time t

R :

Universal gas constant

R 2 :

Correlation coefficient

T :

Absolute temperature

V :

Volume of dye solution

W i :

Initial weight of polymer

W f :

Final weight of polymer

η :

Removal efficiency

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Acknowledgements

RC and HS are thankful to the Central Sophisticated Instrumentation Facility (CSIF) of BITS Pilani, K. K. Birla Goa campus, for providing the FE-SEM and Raman facility, and G. S. Mandal’s M-CAMRT, Aurangabad, for DSC and FT-IR. The support from BITS Pilani, K. K. Birla Goa Campus, in terms of fellowship for HS is gratefully acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, BITS Pilani, K. K. Birla Goa Campus, Zuarinagar, Goa, India

    Honey Srivastava & Rashmi Chauhan

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, BITS Pilani, K. K. Birla Goa Campus, Zuarinagar, Goa, India

    Sachin Waigaonkar

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Contributions

HS carried out the experimental work and was involved in data interpretation and manuscript writing. SW provided the facilities for testing mechanical properties and was involved in data interpretation and manuscript writing. RC has conceived the idea, provided raw materials and was involved in data interpretation and manuscript writing. All authors have approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Rashmi Chauhan.

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Srivastava, H., Waigaonkar, S. & Chauhan, R. Surface modification of human hair by grafting poly(methyl methacrylate). Polym. Bull. 79, 11013–11050 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-021-03990-6

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