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Optimization study on properties of poly (lactic acid) (PLA) composites filled with Scomberomorus guttatus-derived hydroxyapatite and montmorillonite (MMT) under electron beam irradiation

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Abstract

This research was carried out to investigate the interactive effects of MMT loading level and electron beam irradiation on the properties of PLA composites added with Mackerel-derived hydroxyapatite (MHAp). The introduction of MMT particles has increased the mechanical strength of PLA/MHAp composite due to effective intercalation of PLA matrix into MMT interlayer space as evident in increment of d-spacing. However, the mechanical properties of PLA composite were deteriorated when MMT amount increased up to 4 phr. Besides, the application of irradiation dosage up to 20 kGy has enhanced the mechanical properties and gel content of all PLA composites due to the occurrence of cross-linking networks induced by irradiation. The increase in MMT amounts has restricted the formation of cross-linking as evident in XRD analysis. For non-MMT added samples, further increasing irradiation dose up to 30 kGy had decreased the gel content by inducing predominant chains scissioning reaction.

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Abbreviations

PLA:

Poly (lactic acid)

LDPE:

Low density polyethylene

HAp:

Hydroxyapatite

MHAp:

Mackerel-derived hydroxyapatite

MMT:

Montmorillonite

TMPTMA:

Trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate

EB:

Electron beam

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

TGA:

Thermogravimetric analysis

EDX:

Energy dispersive X-ray

%Xc:

Degree of crystallinity

L :

Crystallite size/grain size

Ǻ:

Angstrom

kGy:

Kilogray

phr:

Parts per hundred PLA resin

Na+ :

Sodium cation

PO4 3 − :

Phosphate group

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Cheras, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Hon Meng Ng, Soo-Tueen Bee & Lee Tin Sin

  2. Radiation Processing Technology Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, 43000, Bangi, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

    C. T. Ratnam

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  1. Hon Meng Ng
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Ng, H.M., Bee, ST., Sin, L.T. et al. Optimization study on properties of poly (lactic acid) (PLA) composites filled with Scomberomorus guttatus-derived hydroxyapatite and montmorillonite (MMT) under electron beam irradiation. Polym. Bull. 79, 8823–8864 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-021-03892-7

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