Abstract
The sound absorption performances of Eucommia ulmoides (EU) gum and its blends with conventional damping rubber are studied systematically. Blending 20%, 40% EU gum into chlorobutadiene rubber (CR), their under-water sound absorption property at 3–20 kHz is better obviously than that of CR. Blending 10, 20, 30, and 40% EU gum into chlorinated isobutene-isoprene rubber (CIIR), their sound absorption properties at 3–20 kHz are also better obviously than those of CIIR, especially the SAC of EU gum/CIIR (20/80) at 3 kHz is equal to 76% which is a great increase at low frequency region. The results show that a critical blend ratio of EU gum exists which is equal to 50%, if EU gum >50%, their under-water sound absorption properties are very poor, if EU gum <50%, their under-water sound absorption properties are very good. The relaxation absorption of damping rubber, the spacial diffuse reflection absorption of EU gum crystallites, and the shear deformation absorption in the interface between crystalline hard phase and rubber soft phase are the three main reasons to contribute their under-water sound absorption properties. In addition, reducing crosslinking degree can increase under-water sound absorption property.
Graphical abstract
A critical value of blend ratio of EU gum exists which is equal to 50%. If EU gum >50%, the size of crystal of EU gum in the blend is still large which can reflect the incident sound wave like pure EU gum, so its under-water sound property is very poor; if EU gum <50%, the crystal of EU gum in the blend could be broken into many microcrystals scattering in the rubber matrix, like island in the sea, which can reflect incident sound wave more times, so its under-water sound property increase greatly.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Wang RJ (1983) Manual of underwater acoustical materials (in Chinese). Science Press, Beijing, p 1
Capps RN, Beumel LL (1990) Sound and vibration damping with polymers. In: Corsaro RD, Sperling LH (eds) ACS symposium series, vol 424, Chap. 4. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, p 63
Ma DY (1983) Acoustics handbook (in Chinese). Science Press, Beijing, p 350
Zhong AS (2001) Low-frequency acoustic properties of the rubber material and structural with pressure resistance. Prod Technol (in Chinese) 2:21
Zhang HJ, Qiu BH, Shi L, He P (2001) Current status and development trend of the anechoic tiles technology. Ship Sci Technol (in Chinese) 4:7
Du HG, Zhu ZM, Gong XF (2001) Basic of acoustics (in Chinese), 2nd edn. Nanjing university press, Nanjing, p 452
He MJ, Chen WX, Dong XX (2000) The physics of polymer (in Chinese). Fudan University Press, Shanghai, p 343
Yan RF (1996) Polymeric materials encyclopedia. In: Salamone JC (ed) Eucommia ulmoide gum. vol 3. CRC Press, Boca Raton, p 2291
Qian RY, Wu ZC, Xue ZH, Yan RF (1995) Length of chain segment motion needed for crystallization. Macromol Rapid Commun 16:19–22
Boochathum P, Chiewnawin S (2001) Vulcanization of cis- and trans-polyisoprene and their blends: crystallization characteristics and properties. Eur Polym J 37(3):429
Boochathum P, Chiewnawin S (2001) Vulcanization of cis- and trans-polyisoprene and their blends: cure characteristics and crosslink distribution. Eur Polym J 37(3):417
Tangpakdee J, Tanaka Y, Shiba KI, Kawahara SC, Sakurai K, Suzuki Y (1997) Structure and biosynthesis of trans-polyisoprene from Eucommia ulmoides. Phytochemistry 45(1):75
Zhang XJ, Cheng C, Zhang M, Lan XY, Wang QH, Han SF (2008) Effect of alkali and enzymatic pretreatments of Eucommia ulmoides leaves and barks on the extraction of gutta percha. J Agric Food Chem 56:8936
Xie SZ, Liu DX, Zhou ML (1993) Handbook of rubber industry (in Chinese), 2nd edn. Chemistry Industry Press, Beijing, p 317
Guo ML (2002) Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis of polymer and composite materials (in Chinese). Chemical Industry Press, Beijing, p 20
Wu G (2001) The application and characterization of material structure (in Chinese). Chemistry Industry Press, Beijing, p 209
Wu G (2001) The application and characterization of material structure (in Chinese). Chemistry Industry Press, Beijing, p 423
Liu HW, Yao L, Xue ZH, Zhang JC (2006) A mixed method for measuring low-frequency acoustic properties of macromolecular materials. Sci China Ser G Phys Mech Astron 49(6):729
Cooper W, Vaughan G (1963) Melting transitions in diene polymers. J Polym Sci A 1:159
Mandelkern L, Quinn F Jr, Roberts AD (1956) Thermodynamics of crystallization in high polymers: gutta percha. J Am Chem Soc 78(5):926
Kuo CC, Woodword AE (1982) Crystallization of trans-1,4-polyisoprene. J Polym Sci Polym Phys Ed 20(9):1669
Anandakumaran K (1983) Noncrystalline component in dilute-solution-grown crystals of trans-1,4-polyisoprene. Macromolecules 16:563
Su FY, Liu LZ, Zhou EL, Huang JY, Qian RY (1998) High resolution electron microscopy study of single chain single crystals of gutta percha. Polymer 39:5053
Acknowledgment
This research was supported by grants from the early pre-research of the major basic special research of the Ministry of Science of China (Grant No. 2002CCA03600).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, J., Xue, Z. Study on under-water sound absorption properties of Eucommia ulmoides gum and its blends. Polym. Bull. 67, 511–525 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-011-0489-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-011-0489-9