Abstract
Monodisperse polystyrene (PS) beads 2.5 μm in size were synthesized by dispersion polymerization. The PS beads were chemically modified by three different sulfonating agents, namely, concentrated sulfuric acid, acetyl sulfate, and chlorosulfonic acid. When they were sulfonated using chlorosulfonic acid, the concentration of sulfonic acid (SO3 −) groups on the PS beads increased from 0.5 to 2.25 meq/g as the treatment time was increased from 10 to 360 min at 0 °C. As the reaction temperature was increased, the ion-exchange capacity (IEC) of the sulfonated PS beads increased. However, it can be seen that they lost their spherical shape. The PS surface was modified by the introduction of the SO3 − groups to give an IEC of up to 2.28 meq/g, which provides 1.1 × 1010 SO3 − groups per bead, without any deformation of their spherical shape.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ide F (1987) Surface modification of polymer. Kindai Henshu Ltd, Tokyo
Akelah A, Sherrington DC (1981) Application of functionalized polymers in organic synthesis. Chem Rev 81:557−587
Gotoh K, Nakata Y, Tagawa M, Tagawa M (2003) Wettability of ultraviolet excimer-exposed PE, PI and PTFE films determined by the contact angle measurements. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 224:165−173
Giobson HW, Bailey FC (1980) Chemical modification of polymers XIII. Sulfonation of polystyrene surfaces. Macromolecules 13:34−41
Mao C, Zhang C, Qiu Y, Zhu A, Shen J, Lin S (2004) Introduction of anticoagulation group to polypropylene film by radiation grafting and its blood compatibility. Appl Surf Sci 228:26−33
Fredrich J, Kühn G, Mix R, Unger W (2004) Formation of plasma polymer layers with functional groups of different type and density at polymer surfaces and their interaction with Al atoms. Plasma Process Polym 1:28−50
Wang B, Ji Z, Zimone FT, Janowski GM, Rigsbee JM (1996) A technique for sputter coating of ceramic reinforcement particles. Surf Coat Technol 91:64−68
Dyson RW (1987) Specialty polymers. Blackie/Chapman & Hall, New York
Nasef MM, Saidi H, Nor HM (2000) Cation exchange membranes by radiation-induced graft copolymerization of styrene onto PFA copolymer films. III. Thermal stability of the membranes. J Appl Polym Sci 77:1877−1885
Hietala S, Keol M, Elomaa M, Sundholm F (1999) Thermal stability of styrene grafted and sulfonated proton conducting membranes based on poly(vinylidene fluoride). J Mater Chem 8:1127−1132
Chen SL, Krishnan L, Srinivasan S, Benziger J, Bocarsly AB (2004) Ion exchange resin/polystyrene sulfonated composite membranes for PEM fuel cells. J Membr Sci 243:327−333
Oh JK, Tang C, Gao H, Tsarevsky NV, Matjaszewski K (2006) Inverse miniemulsion ATRP. A new method for synthesis and functionalization of well-defined water-soluble/crosslinked polymeric particles. J Am Chem Soc 128:5578−5584
Phan KX, Cho MS, Nam JD, Lee Y (2007) Fabrication of modified-poly(devinylbenzene)/Au core-shell structure. Synth Met 156:872−877
Struck M, Widdecke H (1996) Surface functionalization of polymer networks. Die Angew Makromol Chem 235:131−148
Tran Y, Auroy P (2001) Synthesis of poly(styrene sulfonate) brushes. J Am Chem Soc 123:3644−3654
Vogl O, Albertsson AC, Bansleben DA, Borsig E, Grosso P, Janovic Z, Kitayama M, Li SJ, Muggee J, Nir Z, Okahata Y, Pradelok W, Purgett M, Xi F (1984) Functional polymers XXVIII: functional polymers. Makromol Chem Suppl 7:1−14
Fisher S, Kunin R (1955) Routine exchange capacity determinations of ion exchange resins. Anal Chem 27:1191−1194
Kunin R (1972) Ion exchange resins. Huntington, New York
Pineri M, Eisenberg A (eds) (1987) Structure and properties of ionomers. Reidel, Dordrecht
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Postdoctoral Research Program of Sungkyunkwan University (2009). This research also was supported by WCU (World Class University) program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (R31-2008-000-10029-0). We also appreciate the project and equipment support from Gyeonggi Province through the GRRC program in Sungkyunkwan University.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lee, JH., Kang, SJ., Lee, Y. et al. Effect of reaction time and temperature on the morphology and ion-exchange capacity of polystyrene beads sulfonated using different sulfonating agents. Polym. Bull. 64, 717–725 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-009-0222-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-009-0222-0