Summary
We have created an ATP-fueled soft gel machine constructed from muscle proteins. Chemically cross-linked gels of the polymer-actin complex of the length several decades times the length of native actin filament (F-actin) move on myosin-coated surface with a velocity as high as that of native F-actin, by coupling to ATP hydrolysis. The motility observed in muscle protein-gels suggests that one might construct a soft machine fueled by chemical energy using actin and myosin molecules as elements. We have investigated the growth process of polymer-actin complexes and the correlation between the polarity and the motility of polymer-actin complex gels.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Huxley HE (1969) Science 164:1356
Huxley AF (1980) Reflections on Muscle. Liverpool University Press
Pollack GH (2001) Cells, Gels and the Engines of Life. Ebner and Sons Publishers, Seattle
Kitamura K, Tokunaga M, Iwane AH, Yanagida T (1999) Nature 397:129
Osada Y, Okuzaki H, Hori H (1992) Nature 355:242
Mitsumata T, Ikeda K, Gong JP, Osada Y (1998) Appl Phys Lett 73:2366
Osada Y, Matsuda A (1995) Nature 376:219
Osada Y, Ross-Murphy SB (1993) Sci Am 268:82
Jager EW, Smela H, Inganas EO (2000) Science 290:1540
Beebe DJ, Moore JS, Bauer JM, Yu Q, Liu RH, Devadoss C, Jo BH (2000) Nature 404:588
Quake SR, Scherer (2000) Science 290:1536
Kakugo A, Sugimoto S, Gong JP, Osada Y (2002) Adv Mater 14,(16):1124
Kakugo A, Shikinaka K, Matsumoto K, Gong JP, Osada Y (2003) Bioconjugate Chem 14 (6):1185
Kakugo A, Sugimoto S, Shikinaka K, Gong JP, Osada Y. Characteristics of chemically cross-linked myosin gels. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym Ed, in press
Kakugo A, Shikinaka K, Takekawa N, Sugimoto S, Osada Y, Gong JP Polarity and Motility of Large Polymer-Actin Complexes. Biomacromolecules, in press
Hayakawa K, Santerre JP, Kwak JC (1983) Macromolecules 16:1642
Gong JP, Mizutani T, Osada Y (1996) Polym Adv Techol 7:797
Satake I, Yang JT (1976) Biopolymers 15:2263
Uyeda TQP, Korn SJ, Spudich JA (1990) J Mol Biol 214:699
Harada Y, Sakurada K, Aoki T, Thomas DD, Yanagida T (1990) J Mol Biol 216:49
Doi M, Edwards SF (1980) The Theory of Polymer Dynamics. Pergamon, Oxford
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kwon, H., Shikinaka, K., Kakugo, A. et al. Gel biomachine based on muscle proteins. Polym. Bull. 58, 43–52 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-006-0613-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-006-0613-4