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Clostridioides Difficile in Latin America: An Epidemiological Overview

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Abstract

Clostridioides difficile infection is one of the most significant causes of nosocomial diarrhea associated with antibiotic use worldwide. In recent years, the incidence of Clostridioides difficile infection in Latin American countries has increased due to the emergence and spread of epidemic Clostridioides difficile strains, such as RT027/NAP1/ST1, RT078/ST11, and RT017/ST37; additionally, endemic multi-drug-resistant strains have recently appeared due to the lack of heterogeneous diagnostic algorithms and guidelines for antibiotic use in each country. The aim of this review is to present the latest information regarding Clostridioides difficile and emphasize the importance of epidemiological surveillance of this pathogen in Latin American countries.

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Abbreviations

C.difficile:

Clostridioides difficile

TcdA:

Clostridioides difficile toxin A

TcdB:

Clostridioides difficile toxin B

PaLoc:

Pathogenicity locus

CDI:

Clostridioides difficile infection

CDT:

Binary Toxin

NAP1/027/ST1:

North American pulsed-field electrophoresis type 1, polymerase chain reaction ribotype 027, sequence type 1

LatAm:

Latin America

PFGE:

pulsed-field gel electrophoresis

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Author notes

  1. Claudia G Morales-Olvera and Emmanuel Aguilar-Zamora are first authors. Varenka J Barbero-Becerra and Eva Juárez-Hernández are corresponding authors.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Translational Research Unit. Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico

    Claudia G Morales-Olvera, Varenka J Barbero-Becerra & Eva Juárez-Hernández

  2. Geriatric Service, PEMEX North Central Hospital and Postgraduate Studies Division, School of Medicine, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico

    Claudia G Morales-Olvera

  3. Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology Department, Médica Sur Clinic & Foundation. Medicine School Universidad Anáhuac, Mexico City, Mexico

    Lorena Lanz-Zubiría

  4. Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico

    Emmanuel Aguilar-Zamora & Gerardo Aparicio-Ozores

  5. Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico

    Emmanuel Aguilar-Zamora & Margarita Camorlinga-Ponce

  6. Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology Department, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico

    Daniel Aguilar-Zapata

  7. Gastroenterology and Obesity Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico

    Norberto C Chávez-Tapia & M Uribe

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  1. Claudia G Morales-Olvera
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Contributions

C.G.M.O. and A.Z.E contributed equally to the search, analysis, and interpretation of the literature and to writing the article. L.L.Z. contributed to the literature search and writing the article. M.C.P. and G.A.O. contributed to the revision and final version of the article. D.A.Z., N.C.C.T., and M.U. contributed to the revisions and final version of the article. V.J.B.B. and E.J.H. contributed equally to the conception, design, and revision of the article and the final version of the article; both are also the corresponding authors. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Varenka J Barbero-Becerra or Eva Juárez-Hernández.

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Morales-Olvera, C.G., Lanz-Zubiría, L., Aguilar-Zamora, E. et al. Clostridioides Difficile in Latin America: An Epidemiological Overview. Curr Microbiol 80, 357 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03475-x

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