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Prevalence and Retrospective Insight on Tuberculosis in Human Patients in Cross River State, Nigeria; One Health Approach to its Control

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Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major zoonotic disease of public health importance worldwide. Its burden is more in developing countries due to inadequate surveillance, co-infection with HIV/AIDS and poor social amenities; hence consumption of unpasteurized milk, contaminated meat and inhalation of infected droplets from animals or patients with active TB are the major risk practices. A survey was conducted on TB prevalence from 2013 to 2014 while patients records from TB and Leprosy units of hospitals in the three Agricultural zones (Ogoja, Ikom and Calabar) of Cross River State, Nigeria were assessed from 2000 to 2010. Out of 1,170 sampled patients, 8 (0.7%) were positive, of which 6 and 2 isolates were identified as M. tuberculosis and M. bovis, respectively. Out of 52,558 studied patients files, 235 (0.4%) were positive with varied annual prevalence; the highest (1.0%) and lowest (0.2%) in 2009 and 2011, respectively. The prevalence was higher in dry (0.9% and 0.5%) than the rainy season (0.5% and 0.4%), in females (0.9% and 0.5%) than the males (0.4% and 0.4%) in the survey and retrospective studies, respectively. The age distribution of TB among the patients were; (0% and 0.3%), (0.4% and 0.4%), (0.7% and 0.4%) and (1.5% and 0.7%) for those (≤ 18), (19–40), (41–60) and (> 60) yrs old in the survey and retrospective study, respectively. TB is prevalent in human patients in Cross River State hence, the need for sustainable campaign, continuous surveillance and private/ public health partnership in accurate and early diagnosis, treatment and one health approach to its control.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the staff of Ministry of Health and Human Services Calabar, Cross River State for their cooperation during the sample and data collection. The cooperation of all the patients that consented and participated in the study and the staff of the Infectious Disease Hospital, Calabar, Cross River State are also appreciated.

Funding

No funding was received for this research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Animal Science, Cross River State University of Technology, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria

    Peter M. Bikom

  2. Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria

    Innocent O. Nwankwo & John A. Nwanta

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  1. Peter M. Bikom
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  3. John A. Nwanta
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Contributions

The conception and design of the work was made by PMB. The investigation was conducted by PMB under the supervision of JAN. Data analysis was done by ION. The manuscript was drafted by ION who revised it critically for important intellectual content. All authors approved the publication and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Innocent O. Nwankwo.

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Conflicts of interest

Authors declare no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

The work was conducted in compliance with the ethical standards. Ethical clearance was granted by the Honourable Commissioner of Health, State Ministry of Health, through the Chairman, Health Research Ethics Committee, with reference number: RP/REC/2013/332. The purpose of this study was explained to the patients and samples were collected with their consent from those that volunteered or that of care givers in case of younger children. Code numbers were used to identify them to ensure confidentiality. Clients were also informed that quality of care in the health facility would not in any way be affected by their decision to participate or not.

Informed Consent

Informed consents were obtained from every individuals that participated in the study or the parents of the children under 18.

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The participants also consented to the submission of the research findings to the journal for publication.

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Bikom, P.M., Nwankwo, I.O. & Nwanta, J.A. Prevalence and Retrospective Insight on Tuberculosis in Human Patients in Cross River State, Nigeria; One Health Approach to its Control. Curr Microbiol 79, 345 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-022-03046-6

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