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The Structure and Function of Microbial Community in Rhizospheric Soil of American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) Changed with Planting Years

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Abstract

The changes of microbial communities of rhizospheric soil in different ages are speculated to cause soil-borne diseases and replanting problem in American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) cultivation. This study analyzed the physicochemical properties and microbial communities of rhizospheric soil during the planting of American ginseng in the Wendeng area of Weihai, China. The water content and organic matter content of American ginseng rhizospheric soil decreased year by year. A decline in the diversity of bacteria and fungi was observed in the rhizospheric soils planting American ginseng compared with the traditional crop wheat in the control group. During the later planting stage, the abundances of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Basidiomycota were lower, whereas that of Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, and Mucoromycota were higher. Through the correlation analysis between environmental factors and microbial community, it was found that the content of soil phosphorus was significantly positively correlated with the root rot pathogen Fusarium. The results of functional prediction showed that the decrease of secondary metabolite synthesis of rhizospheric soil bacteria and the increase of plant pathogenic fungi may be the important reasons for the increase of diseases in the later stage of American ginseng planting. This study revealed the evolution of rhizosphere microbial community and function in the process of American ginseng planting, which is valuable for planting management.

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Funding

This work was supported by the Major Science and Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Province (2017GGH5129), Innovation Team Project for Modern Agricultural Industrious Technology System of Shandong Province (SDAIT-11-10), Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2020KC028, ZR2020QC227, ZR2021QC167), Cooperation Project of University and Local Enterprise in Yantai (2020XDRHXMPT34, 2021XDRHXMXK23, 2021XDHZ076), Key Research and Development Plan of Yantai (2021YT06000060), and Yantai Research Institute for Replacing Old Growth Drivers with New Ones (2020XJDN003).

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Author notes

  1. Guozhong Chen and Ying Xue have contributed equally.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, 186 Hongqi Road, Zhifu District, Yantai, 264025, Shandong, China

    Guozhong Chen, Ying Xue, Xin Yu, Chongwei Li, Yuping Hou, Hongwei Zhu, Linlin Jiang, Weibo Zheng, Zhibin Feng, Jianlong Zhang & Xingxiao Zhang

  2. Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Ji’nan, 250022, China

    Guozhong Chen, Youzhi Li, Wenli Tang & Xiaoyu Zhao

  3. Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, 264025, China

    Ying Xue, Xin Yu, Hongwei Zhu, Linlin Jiang, Weibo Zheng, Jianlong Zhang & Xingxiao Zhang

  4. Shandong Breeding Environmental Control Engineering Laboratory, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China

    Ying Xue, Xin Yu, Hongwei Zhu, Linlin Jiang, Weibo Zheng, Jianlong Zhang & Xingxiao Zhang

  5. Yantai Research Institute for Replacing Old Growth Drivers with New Ones, Yantai, China

    Xin Yu, Hongwei Zhu, Linlin Jiang, Jianlong Zhang & Xingxiao Zhang

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  1. Guozhong Chen
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  3. Xin Yu
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Contributions

JZ, YH, YL, and XZ designed the study. GC, YX, CL, and XZ performed experiments. HZ, LJ, WZ, ZF performed bioinformatics and statistical analyses. XY, GC, and WT wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Jianlong Zhang or Xingxiao Zhang.

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284_2022_2941_MOESM1_ESM.tif

Supplementary file1 (TIF 12121 kb)—Figure S1. The American ginseng plantation. (A) American ginseng shed, (B) NEV sampling site, (C) NOR1 sampling site planted for 1 year, (D) NOR2 sampling site planted for 2 years, (E) NOR3 sampling site planted for 3 years, (F) NOR4 sampling site planted for 4 years.

284_2022_2941_MOESM2_ESM.tif

Supplementary file2 (TIF 1918 kb)—Figure S2. Gel electrophoresis of DNA extracted from different samples. Labels 25–39 represent NEV.1, NEV.2, NEV.3, NOR1.1, NOR1.2, NOR1.3, NOR2.1, NOR2.2, NOR2.3, NOR3.1, NOR3.2, NOR3.3, NOR4.1, NOR4.2, and NOR4.3.

284_2022_2941_MOESM3_ESM.tif

Supplementary file3 (TIF 1679 kb)—Figure S3. Gel electrophoresis with 2% agarose gels of PCR amplicons. (A) Electrophoresis of PCR amplification results of bacterial 16S V4 region. Labels 169–183 represent NEV.1, NEV.2, NEV.3, NOR1.1, NOR1.2, NOR1.3, NOR2.1, NOR2.2, NOR2.3, NOR3.1, NOR3.2, NOR3.3, NOR4.1, NOR4.2, and NOR4.3. (B) Electrophoresis of PCR amplification results of fungal ITS1 region. Labels 1–15 represent NEV.1, NEV.2, NEV.3, NOR1.1, NOR1.2, NOR1.3, NOR2.1, NOR2.2, NOR2.3, NOR3.1, NOR3.2, NOR3.3, NOR4.1, NOR4.2, and NOR4.3.

284_2022_2941_MOESM4_ESM.tif

Supplementary file4 (TIF 570 kb)—Figure S4. Venn diagram for bacterial communities of rhizospheric soil of P. quinquefolius.

284_2022_2941_MOESM5_ESM.tif

Supplementary file5 (TIF 961 kb)—Figure S5. Changes of Shannon diversity (H’) (A), Chao 1 (B) and observed species (C) of bacterial community in rhizospheric soils of P. quinquefolius from different planting years. NEV represents a farmland soil that was not planted with P. quinquefolius; NOR1, NOR2, NOR3, and NOR4 represent the rhizospheric soils of P. quinquefolius planted for 1, 2, 3, and 4 years.

284_2022_2941_MOESM6_ESM.tif

Supplementary file6 (TIF 568 kb)—Figure S6. Venn diagram for fungal communities of rhizospheric soil of P. quinquefolius.

284_2022_2941_MOESM7_ESM.tif

Supplementary file7 (TIF 847 kb)—Figure S7. Changes of Shannon diversity (H′) (A), Chao 1 (B), and observed species (C) of fungi community in rhizospheric soils of P. quinquefolius from different planting years.

Supplementary file8 (DOCX 21 kb)

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Chen, G., Xue, Y., Yu, X. et al. The Structure and Function of Microbial Community in Rhizospheric Soil of American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) Changed with Planting Years. Curr Microbiol 79, 281 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-022-02941-2

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