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Effect of Helicobacter pylori and Helminth Coinfection on the Immune Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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Abstract

Tuberculosis remains one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide despite decades of efforts to eradicate the disease. Although the immune response controls the infection in most infected individuals (90%), the ability of the bacterium to persist throughout the host’s life leads to a risk of reactivation. Underlying conditions including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, organ transplantation, and immunosuppressive therapies are considered risk factors for progression to active disease. However, many individuals infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis may develop clinical disease in the absence of underlying immunosuppression. It is also possible that unknown conditions may drive the progression to disease. The human microbiota can be an important modulator of the immune system; it can not only trigger inflammatory disorders, but also drive the response to other infectious diseases. In developing countries, chronic mucosal infections with Helicobacter pylori and helminths may be particularly important, as these infections frequently coexist throughout the host’s life. However, little is known about the interactions of these pathogens with the immune system and their effects on M. tuberculosis clinical disease, if any. In this review, we discuss the potential effects of H. pylori and helminth co-infections on the immune response to M. tuberculosis. This may contribute to our understanding of host–pathogen interactions and in designing new strategies for the prevention and control of tuberculosis.

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Funding

This work was supported by Grant 1789 from the Universidad del Valle.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology, Universidad del Valle, Street 4B # 36—00, 760043, Cali, Colombia

    Javier Andrés Bustamante-Rengifo, Miryam Astudillo-Hernández & María del Pilar Crespo-Ortiz

  2. Faculty of Health and Rehabilitation, Institución Universitaria Escuela Nacional del Deporte, Street 9 # 34—01, 760042, Cali, Colombia

    Javier Andrés Bustamante-Rengifo

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JABR and MAH conceived the study. JABR collected data. JABR, MAH, and MPCO wrote the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Javier Andrés Bustamante-Rengifo.

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Bustamante-Rengifo, J.A., Astudillo-Hernández, M. & del Pilar Crespo-Ortiz, M. Effect of Helicobacter pylori and Helminth Coinfection on the Immune Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Curr Microbiol 78, 3351–3371 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-021-02604-8

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